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VOOZH | about |
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VOOZH | about |
| Description | Carnivora ( ; from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh" and vorāre "to devour") is a diverse scrotiferan order that includes over 280 species of placental mammals. Its members are formally referred to as carnivorans, whereas the word "carnivore" (often popularly applied to members of this group) can refer to any meat-eating organism. Carnivorans are the most diverse in size of any mammalian order, ranging from the least weasel (Mustela nivalis), at as little as 25 g (0.88 oz) and 11 cm (4.3 in), to the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), which can weigh up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), to the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), whose adult males weigh up to 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) and measure up to 6.7 m (22 ft) in length. From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 4.0. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Rank | order | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomic Status (GBIF) | accepted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Classification (PBDB,GBIF) |
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| Common Name | carnivoran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific Name | Carnivora | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Opinions (PBDB) |
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| Status (PBDB) | extant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxon Size (PBDB) | 2,201 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Extant Size (PBDB) | 670 (30%) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First Recorded Appearance | 66.0 - 63.3 Ma Paleocene | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Environment | terrestrial (based on Eutheria) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Motility | actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diet | carnivore, omnivore | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ecospace Comments | life habit and diet based on Nowak 1999 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taphonomy | phosphatic (based on Vertebrata) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary Reference (PBDB) | J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Name(s) | Carnivores, Carnivoran, Raubtiere, Carnivori, Drapieżne, Etciller, Plėšrieji, Rovdjur, Rovdyr, Rovpattedyr, Yırtıcı Memeliler, Zveri, Σαρκοφάγα, Хижаки, Хижі, хищные, 食肉, Roofdieren, Cachorro Do Mato, Carnívoro, Gato Do Mato, Lontra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora |
| Name | Status | Common Name(s) | Fossil Occurrences | Oldest | Youngest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 👁 Image Caniformia suborder | listed (PBDB) | 5,287 | 55.8 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| 👁 Image Felidi suborder | listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| 👁 Image Feliformia suborder | listed (PBDB) | 3,083 | 63.3 Ma Paleocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| 👁 Image Fissipedia suborder | listed (PBDB) | 1 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| 👁 Image Phocidi suborder | listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| 👁 Image Protelidi suborder | listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| 👁 Image Protoferi ✝ suborder | listed (PBDB) | ||||
| 👁 Image Ursocanidi suborder | listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| 👁 Image Arctoidea superfamily | listed (PBDB) | 2,762 | 37.2 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| 👁 Image Miacoidea superfamily | listed (PBDB) | 237 | 66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | 37.2 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Adapisoriculidae ✝ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 46 | 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | 47.8 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Ailuridae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Red Panda | 42 | 28.4 Ma Oligocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| Ailuropodidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| 👁 Image Amphicyonidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Bear-dog | 559 | 46.2 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| 👁 Image Arctictidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| 👁 Image Barbourofelidae ✝ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 45 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 10.3 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Bassarididae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| 👁 Image Canidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Canid | 3,075 | 55.8 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| 👁 Image Cynictidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| 👁 Image Desmatophocidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 33 | 28.1 Ma Oligocene | 0 Ma Extant | |
| Didymictidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| 👁 Image Enaliarctidae ✝ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 5 | 28.1 Ma Oligocene | 16.0 Ma Miocene | |
| Eupleridae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| 👁 Image Felidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Cat | 1,823 | 33.3 Ma Oligocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| Hemicyonidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| 👁 Image Herpestidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Mongoose | 155 | 20.4 Ma Miocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| 👁 Image Hyaenidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Hyaena | 659 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| 👁 Image Mephitidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Skunk | 117 | 4.90 Ma Pliocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| 👁 Image Miacidae ✝ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 236 | 66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | 37.2 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Mustelidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Mustelid Carnivore | 1,631 | 40.4 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| 👁 Image Nandiniidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| 👁 Image Nimravidae ✝ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | False Sabre-tooth | 157 | 48.6 Ma Eocene | 11.6 Ma Miocene |
| 👁 Image Odobenidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Walrus | 320 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| 👁 Image Oligobunidae ✝ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| 👁 Image Otariidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Eared Seal | 292 | 28.1 Ma Oligocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| Palaeogalidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| 👁 Image Percrocutidae ✝ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 36 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 3.60 Ma Pliocene | |
| 👁 Image Phocidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Seal | 789 | 33.9 Ma Oligocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| 👁 Image Procyonidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Procyonid Carnivore | 233 | 30.8 Ma Oligocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| Stenoplesictidae family | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| 👁 Image Ursidae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Bear | 855 | 37.2 Ma Eocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| 👁 Image Viverravidae ✝ family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 792 | 66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | 37.2 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Viverridae family | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | Civet | 180 | 56.0 Ma Paleocene | 0 Ma Extant |
| 👁 Image Ursina tribe | listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| 👁 Image Adcrocuta ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 32 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 5.33 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Adracon ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| 👁 Image Africanictis ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 4 | 23.0 Ma Miocene | 23.0 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Alagtsavbaatar ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 2 | 37.2 Ma Eocene | 37.2 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Alopecocyon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 8 | 28.4 Ma Oligocene | 11.1 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Anictis ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 33.9 Ma Oligocene | 33.9 Ma Oligocene | |
| 👁 Image Asiavorator ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 6 | 37.2 Ma Eocene | 28.4 Ma Oligocene | |
| 👁 Image Chaprongictis ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 28.4 Ma Oligocene | 28.4 Ma Oligocene | |
| Crassidia genus | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| 👁 Image Dormaalocyon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 4 | 56.0 Ma Paleocene | 55.8 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Glibzegdouia ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 3 | 56.0 Ma Paleocene | 56.0 Ma Paleocene | |
| 👁 Image Haplogale ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| 👁 Image Lycophocyon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 6 | 46.2 Ma Eocene | 40.4 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Megencephalon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| 👁 Image Monachiopsis ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | ||||
| 👁 Image Mustelictis ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 4 | 33.9 Ma Oligocene | 33.9 Ma Oligocene | |
| 👁 Image Paratriisodon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 2 | 48.6 Ma Eocene | 48.6 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Pinnarctidion ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 4 | 28.1 Ma Oligocene | 20.4 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Pristinictis ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 61.7 Ma Paleocene | 61.7 Ma Paleocene | |
| 👁 Image Prohesperocyon ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 37.2 Ma Eocene | 37.2 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Protursus ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 8.70 Ma Miocene | 8.70 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Ravenictis ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | 66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | |
| 👁 Image Shandgolictis ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 5 | 33.9 Ma Oligocene | 28.4 Ma Oligocene | |
| 👁 Image Thos ✝ genus | doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 1 | 5.33 Ma Miocene | 5.33 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Viretictis ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 2 | 28.4 Ma Oligocene | 22.4 Ma Miocene | |
| 👁 Image Vulpavus ✝ genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 113 | 55.8 Ma Eocene | 50.3 Ma Eocene | |
| 👁 Image Xenogale genus | accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB) | 0 Ma Extant | |||
| Kolponomus clallamensis species | accepted (GBIF) | No associated record in PBDB | |||
| Year | Name and Author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Viverra memphitis Linnaeus p. 44 |
| 1821 | Carnivora Bowditch |
| 1873 | Carnivora Leidy p. 315 |
| 1883 | Carnivora Flower p. 186 |
| 1885 | Carnivora Lydekker p. 196 |
| 1889 | Carnivora Cope p. 875 |
| 1891 | Carnivora Flower and Lydekker p. 91 |
| 1897 | Carnivora Ameghino p. 501 |
| 1898 | Carnivora Gadow p. 50 |
| 1906 | Carnivora Andrews p. 218 |
| 1908 | Carnivora Lambe |
| 1911 | Carnivora Jaekel p. 227 |
| 1930 | Carnivora Hay p. 456 |
| 1975 | Carnivora McKenna p. 42 |
| 1976 | Carnivora Tedford p. 372 |
| 1979 | Carnivora Barnes p. 8 |
| 1981 | Carnivora Thurmond and Jones p. 174 |
| 1986 | Carnivora Hooker p. 326 |
| 1987 | Carnivora Barnes p. 3 |
| 1988 | Carnivora Barnes p. 2 |
| 1988 | Carnivora Carroll |
| 1989 | Carnivora Barnes p. 3 |
| 1989 | Carnivora Shoshani et al. p. 436 |
| 1991 | Carnivora Nowak |
| 1992 | Carnivora Barnes p. 3 |
| 1992 | Carnivora Kohno p. 16 |
| Year | Name and Author |
|---|---|
| 1994 | Carnivora Tedford et al. p. 12 |
| 1995 | Carnivora Barnes and Hirota p. 330 |
| 1996 | Carnivora Kohno p. 389 |
| 1999 | Carnivora Ginsburg and Janvier p. 170 |
| 1999 | Carnivora Waddell et al. p. 3 |
| 2001 | Carnivora Madsen et al. p. 610 |
| 2001 | Carnivora Waddell et al. p. 148 |
| 2002 | Carnivora Sepkoski, Jr. |
| 2004 | Carnivora Davis et al. p. 365 |
| 2005 | Carnivora Wesley-Hunt and Werdelin p. 842 |
| 2006 | Carnivora Barnes et al. p. 59 |
| 2006 | Carnivora Hulbert and Whitmore p. 5 |
| 2006 | Carnivora Kohno p. 411 |
| 2006 | Carnivora Lopatin |
| 2008 | Carnivora Kohno and Ray p. 44 |
| 2008 | Carnivora Tedford and Wang p. 273 |
| 2008 | Carnivora Wang and Tedford |
| 2009 | Carnivora Spaulding et al. |
| 2010 | Carnivora Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1 |
| 2010 | Carnivora Silcox et al. |
| 2010 | Carnivora Spaulding et al. p. 815 |
| 2011 | Carnivora Hunt, Jr. p. 21 |
| 2011 | Carnivora Tomiya p. 3 |
| 2014 | Carnivora Vianey-Liaud et al. p. 610 |
| 2016 | Carnivora Solé et al. |
| 2016 | Carnivora Tomiya and Tseng p. 5 |
| Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560 |
| Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542 |
| Leidy J. Part I. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the western territories, Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1, 1-358 |
| Flower W. H. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883, 178-186 |
| Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29 |
| Ameghino F. Mammiféres crétacés de l’Argentine (Deuxième contribution à la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches à Pyrotherium) [Cretaceous mammals of Argentina (second contribution to the knowledge of the mammalian fauna of the Pyrotherium Beds)], Boletin Instituto Geografico Argentino 18 4–9, 406-521 |
| Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82 |
| Andrews C. W. (1906) , A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of Fayum, Egypt, 1-324 |
| Lambe L. M. (1908) The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3 4, 1-65 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61444 |
| Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252 |
| Hay O. P. (1930) Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington 390 II, 1-1074 |
| McKenna M. C. (1975) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia, Phylogeny of the Primates, Plenum Publishing, New York, 21-46 |
| Tedford R. H. (1976) Relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores (Mammalia), Systematic Zoology 25 4, 363-374 |
| Barnes L. G. (1979) Fossil enaliarctine pinnpeds (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Pyramid Hill, Kern County, California), Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 318, 1-41 |
| Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244 |
| Hooker J. J. (1986) Mammals from the Bartonian (middle/late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 39 4, 191-478 |
| Barnes L. G. (1987) An early Miocene pinniped of the genus Desmatophoca (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Washington, Contributions in Science 382, 1-20 |
| Barnes L. G. (1988) A new fossil pinniped (Mammalia: Otariidae) from the middle Miocene Sharktooth Hill Bonebed, California, Contributions in Science 396, 1-11 |
| Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698 |
| Barnes L. G. (1989) A new enaliarctine pinniped from the Astoria Formation, Oregon, and a classification of the Otariidae (Mammalia: Carnivora), Contributions in Science 403, 1-26 |
| Shoshani J., Fisher D. C., et al (1989) The Shelton Mastodon Site: Multidisciplinary study of a late Pleistocene (Twocreekan) locality in Southeastern Michigan, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27 14, 393-436 |
| Nowak R. M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II |
| Barnes L. G. (1992) A new genus and species of middle Miocene enaliarctine pinniped (Mammalia, Carnivora, Otariidae) from the Astoria Formation in Coastal Oregon, Contributions in Science 431, 1-27 |
| Kohno N. (1992) A new Pliocene fur seal (Carnivora: Otariidae) from the Senhata Formation on the Boso Peninsula, Japan, Natural History Research 2 1, 15-28 |
| Tedford R. H., Barnes L. G., et al (1994) The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran Kolponomos: Systematics and mode of life, Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 29, 11-32 |
| Barnes L. G., Hirota K. (1995) Miocene pinnipeds of the otariid subfamily Allodesminae in the North Pacific Ocean: Systematics and relationships, The Island Arc 3, 329-360 |
| Kohno N. (1996) Miocene pinniped Allodesmus (Mammalia: Carnivora); with special reference to the "Mito seal" from Ibaraki Prefecture, Central Japan, Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series 181, 388-404 |
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