Before, during, and after their journey around the Moon, NASA will collect specific health information on the Artemis II crew. Learn how this will help scientists explore how isolation, confinement, and microgravity affect the human body.

How will Artemis II astronauts adapt to Orion's living space? Select crew members will wear wristband devices that record their sleep and movements. Learn how data collected before, during, and after flight will provide scientists with valuable insights into how crews adjust to life in deep space

Before, during, and after their trek around the Moon, Artemis II astronauts will collect saliva samples. These samples will help scientists probe how the immune system reacts to deep space, so that NASA can ensure that humans, rather

The Artemis II crew and their Orion spacecraft are outfitted with radiation trackers as ground teams monitor solar eruptions 24/7. Learn how NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are protecting explorers from the most powerful eruptions in the solar system.

To better understand and test the pressure changes astronauts experience in space, volunteers at NASA’s Johnson Space Center live and work inside a 20-foot pressurized chamber for extended periods of time. Learn how this work will help NASA design future spacewalk protocols, spacesuits, vehicles, and habitats as we venture onward to the Moon and Mars.

After busy workdays aboard the International Space Station, crew members need time to relax and de-stress. From playing musical instruments and exercising to taking photos of our home planet, watch how astronauts practice some of their favorite hobbies 250 miles above Earth.

Drawing blood is a regular part of life aboard the International Space Station, supporting research on how the human body adapts to space. Watch NASA astronaut Jonny Kim collect blood to help NASA prepare astronauts for missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.

What can astronauts’ saliva tell us about the innerworkings of the human body during spaceflight? Aboard the International Space Station, NASA astronaut Jonny Kim demonstrates how a small task—like collecting saliva samples—can provide big insights, keeping crews healthy as we prepare for missions to the Moon and beyond.

Aboard the International Space Station, astronauts need nutritious meals to keep them healthy, focused, and energized. Learn about what's on the space station menu and how NASA is focused on creating meals and snacks that will sustain crews during future missions to the Moon and Mars.

Everyone needs a little self-care. But what’s that look like for astronauts orbiting 250 miles above Earth? See how crew members may turn to music, movies, and more to unwind and recharge.

Astronauts aboard the International Space Station typically exercise for two hours each day. From running to cycling to weightlifting, learn how crew members complete fitness regimens in space.

Sometimes coffee IS out of this world! Whether it’s sipping from the space cup or a drink bag, learn how astronauts enjoy a cup of joe aboard the International Space Station.

Some fruits and vegetables are shipped to the International Space Station, but astronauts can also grow them themselves. Learn how space gardening works.

NASA is using the Kraken, a 50-foot-long, 100-ton U.S. Navy research device, to simulate space motion sickness and test possible recovery strategies.

NASA’s Human Research Program, which develops methods to protect the health and performance of astronauts in space, uses ground-based research facilities, the International Space Station, and analog environments to enable cutting-edge science. NASA astronaut Loral O’Hara helps explain why the program matters.

During their mission around the Moon and back, the Artemis II crew will need to be nourished inside their Orion spacecraft. The food the four astronauts will eat will play a key role in maintaining their health and ensuring they can perform their mission objectives to the best of their abilities. Watch how Artemis II astronauts will eat in space.

A crew of four research volunteers stepped inside NASA’s CHAPEA (Crew Health and Performance Exploration Analog) habitat on Oct. 19, marking the start of the agency’s second 378-day simulated Mars mission.

Learn about a comprehensive suite of 14 research studies examining how astronauts' bodies – the bones, brain, muscles, heart, and more – react to long-duration spaceflight. See how this prepares NASA to send humans to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.

Even during a mission as short as two weeks, vision changes occur for about one-third of American astronauts. Scientists are seeking to understand why vision and eye changes occur in the microgravity environment. See what they're learning and how they're developing strategies to counter these changes. 

How do our bodies digest food in microgravity? Explore this topic aboard the International Space Station with Indian Space Research Organization astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla. He explains how research about diet, hydration, and the gut microbiome will boost future missions to the Moon and Mars.

Growing plants aboard the International Space Station could benefit explorers on the Moon and Mars, and provide new insights for agricultural practices on Earth. A NASA scientist explains why space farming is so important for both space exploration and life on our own planet.

Crewed missions present challenges including radiation-induced DNA damage, bone loss in microgravity, and more. Watch a NASA expert describe what we're doing to keep astronauts safe on every step of the journey.

NASA now has the ability to recycle 98% of the water collected from the U.S. segment of the International Space Station. Learn how recycling water in space is crucial as missions stretch farther to the Moon and Mars.

This hazard of a human mission to Mars is the most difficult to visualize because, well, space radiation is invisible to the human eye. Radiation is not only stealthy, but considered one of the most hazardous aspects of spaceflight.

Behavioral responses occur among groups of people isolated and confined in a small space over a long period of time.  Crews must be carefully chosen, trained, and supported to ensure they can work effectively as a team for months or years in space.

Mars is, on average, 140 million miles from Earth. Rather than a three-day lunar trip, astronauts would be leaving our planet for roughly three years. Planning and self-sufficiency will be key to successful deep space missions.

On Mars, astronauts would need to live and work in three-eighths of Earth’s gravitational pull for up to two years. Throughout this time, their bodies – muscles, bones, inner ear, and organs – will be adjusting to new gravitational loads.

A spacecraft is not only a home, it’s also a machine. The ecosystem inside a vehicle plays a big role in everyday astronaut life. Important habitability factors include temperature, pressure, lighting, noise, the presence of microbes, and more.

John Charles from NASA's Human Research Program (HRP) explains the research to be conducted during the 'One-Year Mission.'

During NASA’s One-Year Mission, visual impairment investigations will be conducted to learn more about fluid shifts and ocular health.

During NASA’s One-Year Mission, physical performance assessments will enhance our knowledge of effects on bones, muscles and heart.

Learn about NASA's One-Year Mission research and how investigations will assess and help combat stress and fatigue.

Learn about the human factors in NASA's One-Year Mission, focusing on fine motor performance, habitability, and training retention.

Learn about NASA's One-Year Mission research and how the Fluid Shift Study advances the Journey to Mars.

Learn about One-Year Mission biomarker studies that improve body chemistry, heart and immune system for a journey to Mars.

As part of the One-Year Mission, researchers are studying how microbes on astronauts’ skin, inside their bodies, and on the station impact their health. 

NASA’s One-Year Mission investigators are peering into their new findings to help address astronaut vision issues.

Adapting to the microgravity environment changes brain function, decreases muscle strength and alters cardiovascular function.

On March 7, NASA announced the selection of 10 investigations for the study of identical twin astronauts Scott and Mark Kelly and, in doing so, launched human space life science research into a new era. These 10 investigations will provide NASA with broader insight into the subtle effects and changes that may occur in spaceflight as compared to Earth-based environments.

NASA Human Research Program Twins Study investigator Emmanuel Mignot, M.D., Ph.D, known for discovering the cause of narcolepsy is related to the immune system, is studying twin astronauts Scott and Mark Kelly. He’s investigating how their immune system responds to the seasonal flu vaccine over the course of a year in space and on Earth.

NASA didn’t miss a (heart)beat when the opportunity arose to study the cardiovascular systems of identical twin astronauts, one aboard the International Space Station and the other on Earth. Results from the Cardio Ox study may provide a better understanding of cardiovascular disease risk that astronauts encounter during and after long-duration spaceflight. 

Just like early explorers, NASA Twins Study investigators are venturing into new territory. Conducting human omics research on twin astronauts as part of the One-Year Mission that took place aboard the International Space Station is one such venture. NASA is evaluating more efficient and innovative research techniques to prepare for the journey to Mars.

You may think you’re just an average Joe, but according to your metabolomics data, your body is percolating some expressive information about your daily life. Stanford University School of Medicine Postdoctoral Fellow Tejaswini Mishra, Ph.D.  is integrating multi-omics data for NASA's Twins Study and comparing metabolites in retired twin astronauts.

“Some of the most exciting things that we’ve seen from looking at gene expression in space is that we really see an explosion, like fireworks taking off, as soon as the human body gets into space,” Twins Study Principal Investigator Chris Mason, Ph.D., of Weill Cornell Medicine, said. "With this study, we’ve seen thousands and thousands of genes change how they are turned on and turned off."

NASA's Twins Study, which included 10 investigations that studied retired identical twin NASA astronauts Scott and Mark Kelly had yielded an amazing amount of data and research that has culminated in to three key findings related to telomeres, gene expression and immunology. Learn more about this research and the benefits of the Twins Study.

Journaling has and will always play an important role in any journey. Today’s astronauts journal through their missions, just like most other explorers.

Lead scientist of the Cardiovascular and Vision Laboratory at NASA’s Johnson Space Center, explains the current investigations of Vision Impairment Syndrome.

NASA astronaut Kate Rubins explored heart cells in space. Those cells were returned to Earth by SpaceX for analysis by scientists to improve heart health.

Learn what factors alter the human body's immune system and how scientists are working to understand exactly what parts are altered during spaceflight.

In space, the astronauts’ environment impacts their nutrition needs.  Today’s explorers cross miles of space with no hope of finding an island with food and nutrients along the way.

NASA Clinical Translational Scientist Jennifer Fogarty explains the risk of vision impairment both during and after spaceflight and its link to intracranial pressure

NASA Immunologist Brian Crucian discusses the findings of a collaborative investigation that determined spaceflight causes changes to the immune system.

Astronauts in space may lose an average of 1% bone density per month. Learn how the bones of the human body are affected by the microgravity of space.

Exercise relieves stress, burns fat, and keeps our heart and muscles strong. Exposure to reduced gravity during spaceflight can leave astronauts with weak muscles and less coordination.

Exercise is essential for our astronauts to maintain healthy bones, muscles and heart during space flight and exploration missions. Learn more about exercise regimens in space.

Just outside the protective layer of Earth's atmosphere and magnetosphere, is a universe full of radiation. What happens to our bodies when we leave the surface of Earth to travel in space?

Scott Kelly demonstrates the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device, which is one of the machines available to the International Space Station crew members for their daily exercise regimen.

Just outside the protective layer of Earth's atmosphere and magnetosphere, is a universe full of radiation. What happens to our bodies when we leave the surface of Earth to travel in space or visit the International Space Station?

Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York has a Heavy Ion Collider. NASA utilizes this facility to test the effects of space radiation on astronauts at the NASA Space Radiation Lab (NSRL). 

While it’s true that space radiation is one of the biggest challenges for a human journey to Mars, it’s also true that NASA is developing technologies and countermeasures to ensure a safe and successful journey to the red planet.

In each life a little rain must fall, but in space, one of the biggest risks to astronauts’ health is radiation “rain". HRP is simulating space radiation on Earth following upgrades to the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL).

Charged particles may be small, but they matter to astronauts. HRP is investigating these particles to solve one of its biggest challenges for a human journey to Mars: space radiation and its effects on the human body.

While people protect their eyes from the sun’s radiation during a solar eclipse, HRP is working to protect the whole human body from radiation in space. Space radiation is dangerous and one of the primary health risks for astronauts.

Much of the energy radiating from the Sun is harmful to humans. Outside Earth’s protective magnetic field and atmosphere, the ionizing radiation in space will pose a serious risk to astronauts as they travel to Mars.

HRP's Integrated Resistance and Aerobic Training study, (iRAT) evaluated the use of high-intensity exercise training to minimize loss of muscle, bone on the International Space Station. 

The ground-based mission HERA, or Human Exploration Research Analog, represents an analog for simulation of isolation, confinement and remote conditions of mission exploration scenarios.

You always want to be the last man standing. Optimal functional performance, such as standing, is taken even more seriously when preparing for future missions to Mars and beyond.

NASA’s Human Research Program is releasing the first half of a video series entitled Omics: Exploring Space Through You to highlight its Twins Study, in conjunction with National DNA Day. The series explores space through you by using omics to look more closely at individual health.

NASA’s Human Research Program is releasing the first half of a video series entitled Omics: Exploring Space Through You to highlight its Twins Study, in conjunction with National DNA Day. The series explores space through you by using omics to look more closely at individual health.

NASA’s Human Research Program is releasing the first half of a video series entitled Omics: Exploring Space Through You to highlight its Twins Study, in conjunction with National DNA Day. The series explores space through you by using omics to look more closely at individual health.

NASA’s Human Research Program is releasing the first half of a video series entitled Omics: Exploring Space Through You to highlight its Twins Study, in conjunction with National DNA Day. The series explores space through you by using omics to look more closely at individual health.

NASA’s Human Research Program is releasing the first half of a video series entitled Omics: Exploring Space Through You to highlight its Twins Study, in conjunction with National DNA Day. The series explores space through you by using omics to look more closely at individual health.

NASA’s Human Research Program is releasing the first half of a video series entitled Omics: Exploring Space Through You to highlight its Twins Study, in conjunction with National DNA Day. The series explores space through you by using omics to look more closely at individual health.

NASA’s Human Research Program is releasing the first half of a video series entitled Omics: Exploring Space Through You to highlight its Twins Study, in conjunction with National DNA Day. The series explores space through you by using omics to look more closely at individual health.

This is the last video in a series of eight which explores space through you by using omics to look more closely at the unique health of an individual. Omics integrates multiple biological disciplines to focus on measurements of a diverse array of biomolecules.