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This article is about missions to the Moon. For a list of each individual lunar probe, see List of lunar probes.
"Moon rocket" redirects here; not to be confused with Rocket to the Moon.
πŸ‘ Image
The Soviet Luna programme was the first successful lunar programme, its Luna 1 (1959) being the first partially successful lunar mission
πŸ‘ Image
The first image taken of the far side of the Moon, returned by Luna 3 (1959)

Missions to the Moon have been numerous and represent some of the earliest endeavours in space missions, with continuous exploration of the Moon beginning in 1959.

The first partially successful lunar mission was Luna 1 in January 1959, which became the first probe to escape Earth's gravity and perform a flyby of another astronomical body, passing near the Moon. Soon after, the first Moon landingβ€”and the first landing on any extraterrestrial bodyβ€”was carried out by Luna 2,[1] which intentionally impacted the Moon on 14 September 1959. The far side of the Moon, permanently hidden from Earth due to tidal locking, was imaged for the first time by Luna 3 on 7 October 1959, revealing terrain never before seen.

Significant advances continued throughout the 1960s. In 1966, Luna 9 achieved the first controlled soft landing on the lunar surface,[2] followed later that year by Luna 10, the first spacecraft to enter orbit around the Moon. In 1968, the Zond 5 mission became the first to carry terrestrial lifeformsβ€”specifically tortoisesβ€”on a circumlunar approach that brought them close to the Moon and returned them safely to Earth, demonstrating biological viability in deep space.[3]

The first crewed missions to the Moon were undertaken by the Soviet Union and the United States, forming the pinnacle of the Space Race. While the Soviet programme pivoted toward robotic sample return missions, the American Apollo program advanced through a sequence of increasingly complex missions. In December 1968, Apollo 8 became the first crewed spacecraft to orbit the Moon. On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11 accomplished the first crewed landing on the lunar surface, during which Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon. Concurrently, the Soviet Luna 15 robotic mission was also orbiting the Moon, marking the first known instance of simultaneous extraterrestrial operations by different nations.

Between 1969 and 1972, the United States carried out six successful Apollo landings, while the Soviet Union continued deploying uncrewed probes, including the Lunokhod programmeβ€”the first extraterrestrial roversβ€”and sample return missions through 1976. Following this period, there was a gap in dedicated lunar missions lasting until 1990. Since then, renewed interest in lunar exploration has seen additional missions conducted by a broader range of spacefaring entities. In chronological order following the Soviet Union and the United States, the Moon has been visited by Japan, the European Space Agency, China, India, Luxembourg, Israel, Italy, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, Russia, and Pakistan.

In 2018, the far side of the Moon was targeted for the first time by a landing mission. On 3 January 2019, China's Chang'e 4 mission successfully landed in the Aitken basin, deploying the Yutu-2 rover, which commenced scientific operations on the unexplored lunar hemisphere. Five years later, China launched the Chang'e 6 sample return mission to the far side. Its lander touched down in Apollo crater on 1 June 2024 and collected the first lunar samples retrieved from the Moon's far hemisphere.

The first commercial mission to the Moon was the Manfred Memorial Moon Mission (4M), developed by LuxSpace, a subsidiary of the German aerospace company OHB AG, Launched on 23 October 2014 with the mission flying as a secondary payload aboard CNSA's Chang'e 5-T1 spacecraft.[4][5]

The Moon has also been visited by a small number of spacecraft not dedicated to lunar study. Of these, four executed flybys using the Moon for gravity assist manoeuvres to alter their interplanetary trajectories. In addition, Explorer 49, a radio astronomy satellite launched by the United States in 1973, was placed into selenocentric orbit where the Moon itself served as a shield from terrestrial radio interference, enabling observations of deep-space radio signals.

20th century

[edit]
Legend

βš€ Cubesat or similar

Mission Launch date Operator Carrier rocket Spacecraft Mission type Outcome
1 Pioneer 0

(Able I)[6]

17 August 1958 πŸ‘ United States
 USAF 		Thor DM-18 Able I[6] Pioneer 0 Orbiter Launch failure
First attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first-stage explosion.[6] Reached apogee of 16 kilometres (10 mi).[7]
2 Luna E-1 No.1 23 September 1958 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Luna Luna E-1 No.1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration.[6][8]
3 Pioneer 1

(Able II)[6]

11 October 1958 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Thor DM-18 Able I[6] Pioneer 1 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure. Later known as Pioneer 1.[6] Reached apogee of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi).[9]
4 Luna E-1 No.2 11 October 1958 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Luna Luna E-1 No.2 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration.[6][8]
5 Pioneer 2

(Able III)

8 November 1958 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Thor DM-18 Able I Pioneer 2 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers; third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection.[6] Reached apogee of 1,550 kilometres (960 mi).[10]
6 Luna E-1 No.3 4 December 1958 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Luna Luna E-1 No.3 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core-stage underperformance.[6][8]
7 Pioneer 3 6 December 1958 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Juno II Pioneer 3 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature first-stage cutoff.[6] Reached apogee of 102,360 kilometres (63,600 mi).[11]
8 Luna 1

(E-1 No.4)

2 January 1959 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Luna Luna 1 Impactor Partial failure
Carrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon, flew past in a heliocentric orbit.[12] Closest approach 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) on 4 January.[13] First spacecraft to fly by the Moon.
9 Pioneer 4 3 March 1959 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Juno II Pioneer 4 Flyby Partial failure
Second-stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected, out of instrument range, with 58,983 kilometres (36,650 mi) of distance.[12] Closest approach at 22:25 UTC on 4 March. First U.S. spacecraft to leave Earth orbit.[14]
10 E-1A No.1 18 June 1959 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Luna E-1A No.1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance system malfunction.[12]
11 Luna 2

(E-1A No.2)

12 September 1959 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Luna Luna 2 Impactor Success
Successful impact at 21:02 on 14 September 1959. First spacecraft to impact the lunar surface.[15] This made the Soviet Union the 1st country to impact the surface of the Moon.
12 Luna 3

(E-2A No.1)

4 October 1959 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Luna Luna 3 Flyby Success
Returned the first images of the far side of the Moon.[16]
13 Pioneer P-3

Able IVB

26 November 1959 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas-D Able Pioneer P-3 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit;[17] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault.[12]
14 Luna E-3 No.1 15 April 1960 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Luna Luna E-3 No.1 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature third-stage cutoff.[18]
15 Luna E-3 No.2 16 April 1960 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Luna Luna E-3 No.2 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch.[18]
16 Pioneer P-30

(Able VA)

25 September 1960 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas-D Able Pioneer P-30 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; second-stage oxidizer system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff.[19][18]
17 Pioneer P-31

(Able VB)

15 December 1960 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas-D Able Pioneer P-31 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit, exploded 68 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 12.2 kilometres (7.6 mi). Second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning.[20][18]
18 Ranger 3

(P-34)

26 January 1962 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Ranger 3 Impactor Spacecraft failure
Ranger 3 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Partial launch failure due to guidance problem; attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36,793 kilometres (22,862 mi).[21][22]
19 Ranger 4

(P-35)

23 April 1962 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Ranger 4 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Impactor Spacecraft failure
Ranger 4 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April. First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[21][23]

The impact made the United States the 2nd country to impact the surface of the Moon.

20 Ranger 5

(P-36)

18 October 1962 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Ranger 5 Impactor Spacecraft failure
Ranger 5 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed 8+3⁄4 hours after launch when batteries were depleted.[21] Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed.[24]
21 Luna E-6 No.2 4 January 1963 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Molniya-L Luna E-6 No.2 Lander Launch failure
Failed to depart Low Earth orbit;[25] guidance system power failure prevented upper-stage ignition.[26]
22 Luna E-6 No.3 3 February 1963 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Molniya-L Luna E-6 No.3 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance failure.[26]
23 Luna 4

(E-6 No.4)

2 April 1963 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Molniya-L Luna 4 Lander Spacecraft failure
Failed to perform mid-course correction,[26] remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation.[27]
24 Ranger 6

(P-54)

30 January 1964 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Ranger 6 Impactor Spacecraft failure
Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure.[28][29]
25 Luna E-6 No.6 21 March 1964 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Molniya-M Luna E-6 No.6 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure.[28]
26 Luna E-6 No.5 20 April 1964 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		Molniya-M Luna E-6 No.5 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third-stage cutoff.[28]
27 Ranger 7 28 July 1964 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Ranger 7 Impactor Success
Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC.[30]
28 Ranger 8 17 February 1965 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Ranger 8 Impactor Success
Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC.[31][32]
29 Kosmos 60

(E-6 No.9)

12 March 1965 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya-L Kosmos 60 Lander Launch failure
Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short circuit,[31] Failed to depart low Earth orbit.[33]
30 Ranger 9 21 March 1965 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Ranger 9 Impactor Success
Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC.[31][34]
31 Luna E-6 No.8 10 April 1965 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya-L Luna E-6 No.8 Lander Spacecraft failure
Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit.[31]
32 Luna 5

(E-6 No.10)

9 May 1965 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya-M Luna 5 Lander Spacecraft failure
Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction,[31] failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.[35]
33 Luna 6

(E-6 No.7)

8 June 1965 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya-M Luna 6 Lander Spacecraft failure
Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre,[31] flew past the Moon in a heliocentric orbit.[36]
34 Zond 3

(3MV-4 No.3)

18 July 1965 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya Zond 3 Flyby Success
Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi).[37] Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.[31]
35 Luna 7

(E-6 No.11)

4 October 1965 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya Luna 7 Lander Spacecraft failure
Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.[31][38]
36 Luna 8

(E-6 No.12)

3 December 1965 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya Luna 8 Lander Spacecraft failure
Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown,[31] impacted Moon on 6 December 1965 at 21:51:30 UTC.[39]
37 Luna 9

(E-6 No.13)

31 January 1966 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya-M Luna 9 Lander Success
First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon. Touchdown on 3 February 1966 at 18:45:30 UTC.[40] Returned data until 6 February at 22:55 UTC.[41] With its soft landing, the Soviet Union became the first country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
38 Kosmos 111

(E-6S No.204)

1 March 1966 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya-M Kosmos 111 Orbiter Launch failure
Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite;[41] spacecraft never left low Earth orbit.[42]
39 Luna 10

(E-6S No.206)

31 March 1966 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya-M Luna 10 Orbiter Success
Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.[43] Continued to return data until 30 May.[41]
40 Surveyor 1 30 May 1966 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D Surveyor 1 Lander Success
Landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 2 June 1966 at 06:17:36 UTC.[41] Returned data until loss of power on 13 July.[44] With its soft landing, the United States became the second country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
41 Explorer 33

(AIMP-D)

1 July 1966 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Delta E1 Explorer 33 Orbiter Launch failure
Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit.[41] Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.[45]
42 Lunar Orbiter 1 10 August 1966 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Lunar Orbiter 1 Orbiter Partial failure
Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.[46]
43 Luna 11

(E-6LF No.101)

21 August 1966 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya-M Luna 11 Orbiter Partial failure
Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly.[41] Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon.

Ceased operation on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.[47]

44 Surveyor 2 20 September 1966 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D Surveyor 2 Lander Spacecraft failure
One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre, resulting in loss of control.[41] Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.[48]
45 Luna 12

(E-6LF No.102)

22 October 1966 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya-M Luna 12 Orbiter Success
Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967.[49] Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.[41]
46 Lunar Orbiter 2 6 November 1966 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Lunar Orbiter 2 Orbiter Success
Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.[50]
47 Luna 13

(E-6M No.205)

21 December 1966 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya-M Luna 13 Lander Success
Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966.[41] Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil.[51] Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.[41]
48 Lunar Orbiter 3 5 February 1967 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Lunar Orbiter 3 Orbiter Success
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.[52]
49 Surveyor 3 17 April 1967 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D Surveyor 3 Lander Success
Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May.[53][54] Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.[55]
50 Lunar Orbiter 4 4 May 1967 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Lunar Orbiter 4 Orbiter Success
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.[53][56]
51 Surveyor 4 14 July 1967 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D Surveyor 4 Lander Spacecraft failure
Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing.[53] NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.[57]
52 Explorer 35
(AIMP-E) 		19 July 1967 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Delta E1 Explorer 35
(AIMP-E) 		Orbiter Success
Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973.[58] Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.[59]
53 Lunar Orbiter 5 1 August 1967 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Lunar Orbiter 5 Orbiter Success
Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.[60]
54 Surveyor 5 8 September 1967 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Surveyor 5 Lander Success
Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.[61]
55 Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L 27 September 1967 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L Flyby Spacecraft failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first-stage engines to not ignite.[53]
56 Surveyor 6 7 November 1967 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Surveyor 6 Lander Success
Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November.[53] Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in). Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.[62]
57 Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L 22 November 1967 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; unable to achieve orbit after second-stage engine failed to ignite.[53]
58 Surveyor 7 7 January 1968 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Surveyor 7 Lander Success
Final Surveyor mission.[63] Landed 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.[64]
59 Luna E-6LS No.112 7 February 1968 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya-M Luna E-6LS No.112 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.[64]
60 Luna 14

(E-6LS No.113)

7 April 1968 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Molniya-M Luna 14 Orbiter Success
Tested communications for proposed crewed missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.[65]
61 Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L 22 April 1968 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after second-stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down. Spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.[64]
62 Zond 5

(7K-L1 No.9L)

14 September 1968 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Zond 5 Flyby Success
Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Made a closest approach of 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) on 18 September, and circled the Moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming the first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the Moon.[66]
63 Zond 6

(7K-L1 No.12L)

10 November 1968 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Zond 6 Flyby Spacecraft failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carrying turtles, making this the second mission of Earthlings to travel in close proximity of the Moon, the flyby was on 14 November with a closest approach of 2,420 kilometres (1,500 mi).[67] Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November; recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.[64]
64 Apollo 8 21 December 1968 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Saturn V Apollo 8 Crewed orbiter Success
First crewed mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon and presented a reading from the Book of Genesis before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.[68]
65 Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L 20 January 1969 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second-stage engines shut down prematurely. Third-stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.[69]
66 Luna E-8 No.201 19 February 1969 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna E-8 No.201 Lander Launch failure
Lunokhod Rover Launch failure
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[70]
67 Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 21 February 1969 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		N1 Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 Orbiter Launch failure
First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed 50 kilometres (31 mi) from launch site. Spacecraft landed some 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.[70]
68 Apollo 10 18 May 1969 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Saturn V Apollo 10 Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Snoopy Orbiter Success
Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11. Lunar Module with two astronauts on board descended to a distance of 14.326 kilometres (8.902 mi) above the lunar surface.[71]
69 Luna E-8-5 No.402 14 June 1969 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna E-8-5 No.402 Lander Launch failure
Luna E-8-5 No.402 return craft Sample Return Launch failure
Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.[69]
70 Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 3 July 1969 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		N1 Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 Orbiter Launch failure
Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first-stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.[70]
71 Luna 15

(E-8-5 No.401)

13 July 1969 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna 15 Lander Spacecraft failure
Luna 15 return craft Sample Return Precluded
Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost three minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.[70]
72 Apollo 11 16 July 1969 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Saturn V Apollo 11 Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Eagle Lander/Launch Vehicle Success
First crewed landing on the Moon. The Lunar Module Eagle landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969.
73 Zond 7

(7K-L1 No.11L)

7 August 1969 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Zond 7 Flyby Success
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carried four turtles in a lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi); returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.[70]
74 Kosmos 300

(E-8-5 No.403)

23 September 1969 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Kosmos 300 Lander Launch failure
Kosmos 300 return craft Sample return Launch failure
Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidizer leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.[70]
75 Kosmos 305

(E-8-5 No.404)

22 October 1969 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Kosmos 305 Lander Launch failure
Kosmos 305 return craft Sample Return Launch failure
Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.[70]
76 Apollo 12 14 November 1969 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Saturn V Apollo 12 Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Intrepid Lander/Launch Vehicle Success
Second crewed lunar landing.
77 Luna E-8-5 No.405 6 February 1970 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna E-8-5 No.405 Lander Launch failure
Luna E-8-5 No.405 return craft Sample return Launch failure
Failed to orbit
78 Apollo 13 11 April 1970 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Saturn V Apollo 13 Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Lunar Module Aquarius Lander/Launch Vehicle Precluded
Rescue mission Success
Lunar landing aborted following Service Module oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon; flew past the Moon (free-return trajectory) and returned the crew safely to Earth.
79 Luna 16

(E-8-5 No.406)

12 September 1970 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna 16 Lander Success
Luna 16 return craft Sample return Success
First robotic sampling mission.
80 Zond 8

(7K-L1 No.14L)

20 October 1970 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Zond 8 Flyby Success
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; returned to Earth successfully.
81 Luna 17

(E-8 No.203)

10 November 1970 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna 17 Lander Success
Lunokhod 1 Rover Success
Luna 17 deployed Lunokhod 1.
82 Apollo 14 31 January 1971 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Saturn V Apollo 14 Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Antares Lander/Launch Vehicle Success
Third crewed lunar landing.
83 Apollo 15 26 July 1971 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Saturn V Apollo 15 Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Falcon Lander/Launch Vehicle Success
Lunar Roving Vehicle Rover Success
Fourth crewed lunar landing, and first to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
84 PFS-1 26 July 1971 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Saturn V PFS-1 Orbiter Success
PFS-1 was deployed from Apollo 15.
85 Luna 18

(E-8-5 No.407)

2 September 1971 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna 18 Lander Spacecraft failure
Luna 18 return craft Sample return Spacecraft failure
Failed during descent to lunar surface.
86 Luna 19

(E-8LS No.202)

28 September 1971 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna 19 Orbiter Success
Entered an orbit around the Moon on 2 October 1971 after two midcourse corrections on 29 September and 1 October.
87 Luna 20

(E-8-5 No.408)

14 February 1972 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna 20 Lander Success
Luna 20 return craft Sample return Success
Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Terra Apollonius (or Apollonius highlands) near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed.
88 Apollo 16 16 April 1972 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Saturn V Apollo 16 Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Orion Lander/Launch Vehicle Success
Lunar Roving Vehicle Rover Success
5th crewed lunar landing.
89 PFS-2 16 April 1972 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Saturn V PFS-2 Orbiter Success
PFS-2 deployed from Apollo 16.
90 Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 23 November 1972 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 OKB-1 		N1 Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth.
91 Apollo 17 7 December 1972 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Saturn V Apollo 17 Orbiter Success
Lunar Module Challenger Lander/Launch Vehicle Success
Lunar Roving Vehicle Rover Success
Sixth and last crewed lunar landing and last use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle; the orbiting command module included five mice.
92 Luna 21

(E-8 No.204)

8 January 1973 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna 21 Lander Success
Lunokhod 2 Rover Success
Deployed Lunokhod 2.
93 Explorer 49

(RAE-B)

10 June 1973 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Delta 1913 Explorer 49 Orbiter Success
Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources.
94 Mariner 10 3 November 1973 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A Mariner 10 Flyby Success
Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras.
95 Luna 22

(E-8LS No.206)

29 May 1974 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna 22 Orbiter Success
Inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974
96 Luna 23

(E-8-5M No.410)

28 October 1974 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna 23 Lander Partial failure
Luna 23 return craft Sample Return Precluded
Tipped over upon landing, precluding any sample return attempt. Functioned for three days on surface.
97 Luna E-8-5M No.412 16 October 1975 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna E-8-5M No.412 Lander Launch failure
Luna E-8-5M No.412 return craft Sample Return Launch failure
Failed to orbit.
98 Luna 24

(E-8-5M No.413)

9 August 1976 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		Proton-K/D Luna 24 Lander Success
Luna 24 return craft Sample Return Success
Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered 96+1⁄2 hours later.[72] Returned 170.1 grams (6.00 oz) of lunar regolith.[73] Final mission to the Moon from the Soviet Union.
99 ISEE-3

(ICE/Explorer 59)

12 August 1978 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Delta 2914 ISEE-3 Flyby Success
Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner.
100 Hiten

(MUSES-A)

24 January 1990 πŸ‘ Japan
 ISAS 		Mu-3S-II Hiten Orbiter Success
Hagoromo Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo. Deorbited and impacted in USGS quadrangle LQ27 on 10 April 1993.[74] Hagoromo was deployed from Hiten. The impact made Japan the 3rd country to impact the surface of the Moon.
101 Geotail 24 July 1992 πŸ‘ Japan
 πŸ‘ United States
 ISAS/NASA 		Delta II 6925 Geotail Flyby Success
Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit.
102 WIND 1 November 1994 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Delta II 7925-10 WIND Flyby Success
Made two flybys on 1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994 to reach the Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point.
103 Clementine

(DSPSE)

25 January 1994 πŸ‘ United States
 USAF/NASA 		Titan II (23)G Star-37FM Clementine Orbiter Success
Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit.
104 HGS-1 24 December 1997 πŸ‘ United States
 Hughes 		Proton-K/DM3 HGS-1 Flyby Success
Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit.
105 Lunar Prospector

(Discovery 3)

7 January 1998 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Athena II Lunar Prospector Orbiter Success
The mission ended on July 31, 1999
106 Nozomi

(PLANET-B)

3 July 1998 πŸ‘ Japan
 ISAS 		M-V Nozomi Flyby Success
Two flybys en route to Mars.

21st century

[edit]
Legend

βš€ Cubesat or similar

Mission Launch date Operator Carrier rocket Spacecraft Mission type Outcome
107 WMAP 30 June 2001 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Delta II 7425-10 WMAP Flyby Success
Flyby on 30 July 2001 to reach the Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point.
108 SMART-1 27 September 2003 πŸ‘ Image
 ESA 		Ariane 5G SMART-1 Orbiter Success
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ26 at end of mission on 3 September 2006. The impact made the ESA member states collectively the 4th to impact the surface of the Moon.
109 STEREO 25 October 2006 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Delta II 7925-10L STEREO A Flyby Success
STEREO B Flyby Success
Both component spacecraft entered heliocentric orbit on 15 December 2006.
110 ARTEMIS 17 February 2007 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Delta II 7925 ARTEMIS P1 Orbiter Operational
ARTEMIS P2 Orbiter Operational
Two THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011.
111 SELENE 14 September 2007 πŸ‘ Japan
 JAXA 		H-IIA 2022 Kaguya Orbiter Success
Okina Orbiter Success
Ouna Orbiter Success
Deployed Okina and Ouna satellites. Kaguya and Okina impacted the Moon at end of mission.[75] Ouna completed operations on 29 June 2009[3] but remains in selenocentric orbit.
112 Chang'e 1 24 October 2007 πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		Long March 3A Chang'e 1 Orbiter Success
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ21 on 1 March 2009, at end of mission. The impact made China the 4th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
113 Chandrayaan-1 22 October 2008 πŸ‘ India
 ISRO 		PSLV-XL C11 Chandrayaan-1 Orbiter Success
Moon Impact Probe Impactor Success
Succeeded through mission. Orbit lasted 312 days, short of intended 2 years; However mission achieved most of its intended objectives. Terminated in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water ice on the Moon.[76] Moon Impact Probe was deployed from the orbiter. It successfully impacted Moon's Shackleton Crater in the USGS quadrangle LQ30 at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing underground debris that could be analyzed by the orbiter for presence of water/ice. With this mission, India became the 5th nation to impact the lunar surface and 6th as an agency.
114 LRO & LCROSS 18 June 2009 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Atlas V 401 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Orbiter Operational
LCROSS Impactor Success
LCROSS observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in USGS quadrangle LQ30. LRO entered orbit on June 23, 2009.
115 Chang'e 2 1 October 2010 πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		Long March 3C Chang'e 2 Orbiter Success
Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point[77] and subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis for a close encounter with the asteroid at a distance of 3.2 kilometers and a relative velocity of 10.73 km/s.[78][79]
116 GRAIL 10 September 2011[80][81] πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Delta II 7920H Ebb (GRAIL-A) Orbiter Success
Flow (GRAIL-B) Orbiter Success
Impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[82]
117 LADEE 7 September 2013 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Minotaur V LADEE Orbiter Success
Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon.
118 Chang'e 3 1 December 2013 πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		Long March 3B Chang'e 3 Lander Operational
Yutu Rover Success
Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December. Yutu rover was deployed from Chang'e 3. With its soft landing, China became the third country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
119 Chang'e 5-T1 23 October 2014 πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		Long March 3C Chang'e 5-T1 Orbiter Operational
Chang'e 5-T1 Return Capsule Orbiter Success
πŸ‘ Luxembourg
 LuxSpace 		Manfred Memorial Moon Mission Flyby / Impactor (post mission) Success
Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity. Orbiter may still be in lunar orbit. Manfred Memorial Moon Mission attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1. Impacted the Moon on 4 March 2022. The impact made Luxembourg the 8th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
120 TESS 18 April 2018 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Falcon 9 Full Thrust TESS Flyby Success
Flyby on 17 May 2018 to designated high Earth orbit.[83]
121 Queqiao 21 May 2018 πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		Long March 4C Queqiao relay satellite Relay Satellite Operational
Longjiang-1 Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Longjiang-2 Orbiter Success
Launched on the same rocket as Queqiao. Longjiang-1 never entered Moon orbit,[84] while Longjiang-2 operated in lunar orbit until 31 July 2019, when it impacted the lunar surface.[85] Queqiao entered designated Earth–Moon L2 orbit on 14 June in preparation of Chang'e 4 far-side lunar lander in December 2018.
122 Chang'e 4 7 December 2018 πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		Long March 3B Chang'e 4 Lander Operational
Yutu-2 Rover Operational
First spacecraft to soft land on the far side of the Moon (South Pole–Aitken basin). Landed 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover.[86][87] Cottonseeds sprouted in the lander in a biological experiment, the first plants to sprout on the Moon.[88]
123 Beresheet 22 February 2019 πŸ‘ Israel
 SpaceIL 		Falcon 9 Beresheet Lander Spacecraft failure
First Israeli and first privately funded lunar lander mission. Technology demonstration. Instrumentation included a magnetometer and laser retroreflector.[89][90] Spacecraft crashed into the lunar surface after main engine failure during descent from lunar orbit phase.[91] The impact made Israel the 7th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
124 Chandrayaan-2 22 July 2019 πŸ‘ India
 ISRO 		LVM3 Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter Orbiter Operational
Vikram Lander Spacecraft failure
Pragyan Rover Precluded
Entered orbit on 20 August 2019. Lander separated from orbiter but crashed during a landing attempt on 6 September 2019, attributed to a software glitch. Both lander and rover were lost. Orbiter remained operational.[92]
125 Chang'e 5 23 November 2020 πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		Long March 5 Chang'e 5 Orbiter Orbiter Operational
Chang'e 5 Lander Lander Success
Chang'e 5 Ascender Launch Vehicle Success
Chang'e 5 Returner Sample Return Success
First lunar sample return mission from China, which returned 1.731 kg (61.1 oz) of lunar samples on 16 December 2020. The orbiter received a mission extension and is currently in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) of the Moon.[93]
126 CAPSTONE 28 June 2022[94] πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Electron βš€ CAPSTONE Orbiter Operational
Lunar orbiting CubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for the Gateway space station.
127 Danuri 4 August 2022[94] πŸ‘ South Korea
 KARI 		Falcon 9 Danuri Orbiter[95][96] Operational
Lunar Orbiter by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) of South Korea. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.
128 Artemis I 16 November 2022[97] πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		SLS Block 1 Artemis I Orion MPCV CM-002 Orbiter Success
βš€ LunaH-Map Orbiter Spacecraft failure
βš€ Lunar IceCube Orbiter Spacecraft failure
βš€ CubeSat for Solar Particles Flyby Spacecraft failure
βš€ Near-Earth Asteroid Scout Flyby Spacecraft failure
βš€ BioSentinel Flyby Success
πŸ‘ Japan
 JAXA 		βš€ OMOTENASHI Lander Spacecraft failure
πŸ‘ Italy
 ASI 		βš€ ArgoMoon Flybys Success
πŸ‘ Japan
 JAXA 		βš€ EQUULEUS Flybys Success
πŸ‘ United States
 Lockheed Martin 		βš€ LunIR Flyby Spacecraft failure
πŸ‘ United States
 Fluid & Reason 		βš€ Team Miles Flyby Success
Uncrewed test of Orion spacecraft in lunar flyby and lunar Distant retrograde orbit.
129 Hakuto-R Mission 1 11 December 2022 πŸ‘ Japan
 ispace 		Falcon 9 Block 5 Hakuto-R Lander Spacecraft failure
πŸ‘ Japan
 Tomy/JAXA/Dodai 		SORA-Q Rover Precluded
πŸ‘ United Arab Emirates
 UAESA/MBRSC 		Rashid Rover Precluded
πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		βš€ Lunar Flashlight Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Lunar lander technology demonstration.[98] Contact lost during final stage of landing and deemed a failure. Cause of failure determined to be a software bug associated with the altitude estimation system.,[99] Emirates Lunar Mission Rashid was a small rover demonstration. The impact made the United Arab Emirates the 9th country to impact the surface of the Moon. Lunar Flashlight initially scheduled to be launched on the Artemis I mission, moved to a Falcon 9 Block 5 after not making it for the payload integration deadline. NASA announced later that it would not make its planned orbit or monthly flybys due to thruster issues.[100][101]
130 Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 14 April 2023 πŸ‘ Image
 ESA 		Ariane 5 ECA Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer Flyby Success
Flew by the Moon on 19 August 2024 en route to Jupiter.
131 Chandrayaan-3 14 July 2023 πŸ‘ India
 ISRO 		LVM3 Propulsion Module Orbiter Success
Vikram Lander Success
Pragyan Rover Success
Launched on 14 July 2023, Orbit insertion on 5 August 2023, Lander separated from propulsion module on 17 August 2023, landed on 23 August 2023, 12:32 UTC and deployed the Pragyan rover. With its soft landing, India became the first country to successfully land near lunar south pole and fourth country to successfully land on the lunar surface. Later during extended operations, the Propulsion Module returned to Earth's orbit.
132 Luna 25 10 August 2023 πŸ‘ Russia
 Roscosmos 		Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat Luna 25 Lander Spacecraft failure
Launched on 10 August 2023, Orbital insertion on 16 August 2023, failed orbital maneuver on 19 August 2023 set the spacecraft on the crash course with the Moon's surface. Loss of communication was confirmed by Roscosmos on 20 August 2023. The impact made Russia the 10th country to impact the lunar surface.
133 SLIM 6 September 2023 πŸ‘ Japan
 JAXA 		H-IIA SLIM Lander Success
LEV-1 Hopper Success
πŸ‘ Japan
 Tomy / JAXA / Doshisha University 		LEV-2 (Sora-Q) Rover Success
Launched alongside XRISM as a co-passenger on 7 September 2023. Performed lunar swing-by, followed by lunar orbital insertion on 25 December 2023. SLIM landed intact and within 100 m of its target on 19 January 2024, 15:20 UTC, which met JAXA's criteria for a successful landing.[102] However, it had landed with incorrect attitude to orient solar panels towards the Sun, which led to temporary power loss until the Sun was in the right position. LEV-1 and LEV-2 were successfully deployed and landed separately from SLIM shortly before its own landing. LEV-1 conducted six hops on lunar surface. With its soft landing, Japan became the fifth country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
134 Peregrine Mission One 8 January 2024 πŸ‘ United States
 Astrobotic Technology 		Vulcan Centaur VC2 Peregrine Lander Spacecraft failure
πŸ‘ Mexico
 UNAM 		Colmena Γ— 5 Rovers Precluded
πŸ‘ United States
 CMU 		βš€ Iris Rover Precluded
Part of CLPS. Peregrine lander's reaction thrusters' leak deemed the spacecraft uncontrollable for landing and it decayed in the Earth's atmosphere 10 days later.
135 IM-1 14 February 2024 πŸ‘ United States
 Intuitive Machines 		Falcon 9 B5 Nova-C Odysseus Lander Success
πŸ‘ United States
 ERAU 		βš€ EagleCam Deployable camera Spacecraft failure
First Nova-C mission. First private spacecraft to soft land on the Moon. Payloads successfully delivered for NASA CLPS and for private customers. Though it landed successfully, one of the lander's legs broke upon landing and it tilted up on other side, 18Β° due to landing on a slope, but the lander survived and payloads are functioning as expected.[103] EagleCam was not ejected prior to landing. It was later ejected on 28 February but minimal data was obtained.[104][105]
136 DRO A/B 13 March 2024 πŸ‘ China
 CAS 		Long March 2C DRO-A Relay Satellite Operational
DRO-B Relay Satellite Operational
Yuanzheng 1S upper stage failed to deliver spacecrafts into correct orbit. The satellites were intended to test Distant retrograde orbit.[106] Tracking data appears to show China is attempting to salvage spacecraft and they appear to have succeeded in reaching their desired orbit.[107][108]
137 Queqiao-2 20 March 2024 πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		Long March 8 Queqiao-2 Relay Satellite Operational
πŸ‘ China
 Deep Space Exploration Laboratory (DSEL, Tiandu Lab)[109] 		Tiandu-1 Orbiter Operational
Tiandu-2 Orbiter Operational
Relay satellite to support future missions of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program targeting south pole region.[110] Tiandu satellites are launched with them to test communications for future lunar satellite constellation technologies.[111]
138 Chang'e 6 3 May 2024[112] πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		Long March 5 Chang'e 6 Orbiter Orbiter Success
Chang'e 6 Lander Lander Success
Chang'e 6 Ascender Launch Vehicle Success
Chang'e 6 Returner Sample Return Success
Jinchan[113] Rover Success
πŸ‘ Pakistan
 SUPARCO[a][115] 		βš€ ICUBE-Q[116] Orbiter Operational
First spacecraft to have collected lunar samples from the far side of the Moon (Apollo crater, South Pole–Aitken basin).[117] ICUBE-Q is Pakistan's first lunar mission. Lander carries international payloads from ESA, France, Italy, and Sweden. It also carried a mini rover to conduct infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface.[118] The orbiter went to Sun Earth L2 under mission extension.
139 Blue Ghost M1 15 January 2025[119][120] πŸ‘ United States
 Firefly Aerospace 		Falcon 9 B5 Blue Ghost Lander Lander Success
Lunar lander, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to Mare Crisium.[121][122] First fully-successful private lunar landing.
140 Hakuto-R Mission 2 15 January 2025[123] πŸ‘ Japan
ispace 		Falcon 9 B5 Hakuto-R Lander Spacecraft failure
πŸ‘ Luxembourg
ispace Europe 		Tenacious Rover Precluded
Launched on the same rocket as Blue Ghost. On 5 June 2025, the lander failed to complete its landing, impacting the lunar surface.
141 Lunar Trailblazer 27 February 2025 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Falcon 9 B5 Lunar Trailblazer Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Lunar orbiter aimed to aid in the understanding of lunar water and the Moon's water cycle.[124] Flyby on 3 March 2025.
142 Brokkr-2 27 February 2025 πŸ‘ United States
 AstroForge 		Falcon 9 B5 Brokkr-2 Flyby Spacecraft failure
Asteroid probe intended to flyby the near-Earth asteroid 2022 OB5. Communication failure. Flyby on 3 March 2025.
143 Chimera-1 27 February 2025 πŸ‘ United States
 Epic Aerospace 		Falcon 9 B5 Chimera-1 Flyby Success
Space tug planned TLI to Geosynchronous. Communication failure?. Flyby on 3 March 2025.
144 IM-2 27 February 2025[125] πŸ‘ United States
 Intuitive Machines 		Falcon 9 B5 Nova-C Lander Partial failure
ΞΌNova Hopper Precluded
πŸ‘ United States
 Lunar Outpost/πŸ‘ Finland
 Nokia 		MAPP Rover Precluded
πŸ‘ United States
 MIT 		AstroAnt[126] Rover Precluded
πŸ‘ Japan
 Dymon 		Yaoki[127] Rover Precluded
Second Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[128] MAPP and ΞΌNova were to test a new Nokia lunar communication system. Lander achieved a soft landing on 6 March but landed on its side, precluding recharging and deployment of payloads. Mission concluded one day after landing.
145 Artemis II 1 April 2026[129] πŸ‘ United States
 NASA
πŸ‘ Canada
 CSA 		Orion CM-003 Orion Flyby Operational
SLS Block 1 Operational
Crewed test of the Orion spacecraft on a free-return trajectory around the Moon.

Statistics

[edit]

Launches by decade

[edit]
Launches to Moon
Decade
1950s
13
1960s
63
1970s
23
1980s
0
1990s
7
2000s
8
2010s
10
2020s
21

This is a list of 145 missions (including failed ones) to the Moon. It includes Flybys, Impact probes, orbiters, landers, rovers and crewed missions.

Mission milestones by country

[edit]

This is a list of major milestones achieved by country. Recorded is the first spacecraft from each respective country to accomplish each milestone, regardless of mission type or intended outcome. For example, Beresheet was not intended to be an impactor, but achieved that milestone incidentally.

Legend

 Attempted Milestone achieved
 Attempted Milestone not achieved
† First to achieve

Country/

Agency

Flyby[b] Orbit Impact Soft landing Rover Sample return Crewed Orbiting/Flyby Crewed landing
πŸ‘ United States
 United States 		Pioneer 4, 1959 Lunar Orbiter 1, 1966 Ranger 4, 1962 Surveyor 1, 1966 LRV (Apollo 15), 1971 Apollo 11, 1969 † Apollo 8, 1968 † Apollo 11, 1969 †
πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Soviet Union 		Luna 1, 1959 † Luna 10, 1966 † Luna 2, 1959 † Luna 9, 1966 † Lunokhod 1, 1970 † Luna 16, 1970 β€” β€”
πŸ‘ China
 China 		Chang'e 5-T1, 2014 Chang'e 1, 2007 Chang'e 1, 2009 Chang'e 3, 2013 Yutu, 2013 Chang'e 5, 2020 β€” β€”
πŸ‘ India
 India 		Chandrayaan 3, 2023 Chandrayaan 1, 2008 MIP, 2008 Chandrayaan 3, 2023 Pragyan, 2023 β€” β€” β€”
πŸ‘ Japan
 Japan 		Hiten, 1990 Hiten, 1993 Hiten, 1993 SLIM, 2024 LEV-1, 2024 β€” β€” β€”
πŸ‘ Israel
 Israel 		β€” Beresheet, 2019 Beresheet, 2019 Beresheet, 2019 β€” β€” β€” β€”
πŸ‘ Russia
 Russia 		β€” Luna 25, 2023 Luna 25, 2023 Luna 25, 2023 β€” β€” β€” β€”
πŸ‘ Image
 ESA 		β€” SMART-1, 2003 SMART-1, 2006 β€” β€” β€” β€” β€”
πŸ‘ Luxembourg
 Luxembourg 		4M, 2014 β€” 4M, 2022 β€” β€” β€” β€” β€”
πŸ‘ South Korea
 South Korea 		β€” Danuri, 2022 β€” β€” β€” β€” β€” β€”
πŸ‘ Italy
 Italy 		ArgoMoon, 2022 β€” β€” β€” β€” β€” β€” β€”
πŸ‘ United Arab Emirates
 UAE 		β€” β€” Rashid, 2023 β€” Rashid, 2023 β€” β€” β€”
πŸ‘ Pakistan
 Pakistan 		β€” ICUBE-Q, 2024 β€” β€” β€” β€” β€” β€”
πŸ‘ Mexico
 Mexico 		β€” β€” β€” β€” Colmena, 2024 β€” β€” β€”

Missions by organization/company

[edit]
Analysis of numbers of lunar missions
Country/

Agency

Agency
or company 		Successful Partial
failure 		Failure Success rate Operational
 Total Total for
country
πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 USSR 		Lavochkin 16 2 22 40% – 40 58
Energia 2 – 16 11.11% – 18
πŸ‘ Image
 USA 		NASA 37 2 14 67.27% 4 55 57
USAF 1 – 1 50% – 2
πŸ‘ Image
 China 		CNSA 10 – – 100% 8 10 10
πŸ‘ Image
 Japan 		ISAS 2 – 2 50% – 4 8
JAXA 2 – 1 66.6% 1 4
πŸ‘ Image
 India 		ISRO 2 1 – 66.6% 2 3 3
πŸ‘ Image
 Various member states 		ESA 1 – – 100% – 1 1
πŸ‘ Image
 Luxembourg 		LuxSpace 1 – – 100% – 1 1
πŸ‘ South Korea
 South Korea 		KARI 1 – – 100% 1 1 1
πŸ‘ Image
 USA (private company) 		Lockheed Martin 1 – – 100% – 1 1
πŸ‘ Image
 USA (private company) 		Fluid & Reason 1 – – 100% – 1 1
πŸ‘ Image
 USA (private company) 		Astrobotic Technology – – 1 0% – 1 1
πŸ‘ Image
 USA (private company) 		Intuitive Machines 1 1 – 50% – 2 2
πŸ‘ Image
 USA (private university) 		ERAU – – 1 0% – 1 1
πŸ‘ Image
 USA (private company) 		Firefly Aerospace 1 – – 100% – 1 1
πŸ‘ Italy
 Italy 		ASI 1 – – 100% – 1 1
πŸ‘ Image
 Israel 		SpaceIL – – 1 0% – 1 1
πŸ‘ Russia
 Russia 		Roscosmos – – 1 0% – 1 1
πŸ‘ United Arab Emirates
 UAE 		UAESA – – 1 0% – 1 1
πŸ‘ Image
 Japan (private company) 		ispace – – 1 0% – 1 1
πŸ‘ Image
 Pakistan 		IST / SUPARCO 1 – – 100% 1 1 1

Landing sites

[edit]
πŸ‘ Map of landing sites on the Moon

Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the near side of the Moon to date (top)

Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time. Except for the Apollo program, all soft landings were uncrewed.

Asterisk indicates a partial success.

As of March 2025, there have been a total twenty eight successful soft landings on the Moon carried out by five countries that include China, India, Japan, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Among these, a total of six soft landings were crewed (Apollo) conducted by United States. All two soft landings on the far side of the Moon were carried out by China, while soft landing near the lunar south pole was carried out by India's Chandrayaan-3 and Intuitive Machines' IM-1 Nova-C Odysseus and IM-2 Nova-C Athena lander.

Future missions

[edit]

There are several future lunar missions planned or proposed by various nations and organizations.

Funded and are under development

[edit]

Robotic

[edit]
Mission Spacecraft Launch date Carrier rocket Operator Mission type
Blue Moon Pathfinder Mission 1 Blue Moon 2026 New Glenn πŸ‘ United States
 Blue Origin 		Lander
First mission for the Blue Moon lander platform developed by Blue Origin and will prove the viability of the platform and BE-7 engine. It has a cargo capacity of up to 3000 kg.
Blue Ghost M2[130] Blue Ghost lander NET Q2 2026[131] Falcon 9 B5 πŸ‘ United States
 Firefly Aerospace 		Lander
Elytra orbital vehicle Orbiter
Second mission of Firefly Aerospace, part of CLPS, includes 2 stage variant of blue ghost.
Lunar Pathfinder Lunar Pathfinder NET Q2 2026[131] Falcon 9 B5 πŸ‘ Image
 ESA 		Relay satellite
Lunar communications satellite to support future lunar missions, along with Blue Ghost M2.
Griffin Mission 1[132] Griffin lander NET July 2026[133] Falcon Heavy πŸ‘ United States
 Astrobotic Technology 		Lander
Chang'e 7 Chang'e 7 Orbiter October 2026[134][135] Long March 5 πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		Orbiter
Chang'e 7 Lander Lander
Chang'e 7 Rover Rover
Chang'e 7 Hopper Hopper
Payloads include an orbiter, south pole lander, rover, and a mini flying probe to look for the presence of water-ice.[135]
IM-3 Nova-C NET late 2026[136][137] Falcon 9 B5 πŸ‘ United States
 Intuitive Machines 		Lander
Khon2 Relay satellite
CADRE x3 πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Rovers
Lunar Vertex πŸ‘ United States
 NASAπŸ‘ United States
 Lunar Outpost 		Rover
Third Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[128] Lunar Vertex mission.
Starship Demo mission Starship HLS TBD[138] Starship πŸ‘ United States
 SpaceX 		Lander
Uncrewed demo mission of Starship HLS.
Artemis III Starship HLS delivery Starship HLS TBD Starship πŸ‘ United States
 SpaceX 		Lander
Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis III mission.
Starship cargo mission Starship HLS TBD Starship πŸ‘ United States
 SpaceX 		Lander
First SpaceX lunar cargo mission, yet to be announced by SpaceX itself.
FLEX[139] FLEX TBD Starship πŸ‘ United States
 Astrolab 		Rover
Large Lunar rover, can accommodate cargo and 2 astronauts.
Astrobotic mission 3[140] TBA 2026[141] Falcon Heavy πŸ‘ United States
 Astrobotic 		Lander
βš€ LunaGrid-Lite CubeRover Rover
Lunaris Platform[142] Deployable platform
Third lunar mission by Astrobotic, will land at lunar south pole. LunaGrid-Lite mission.
ZeusX ZeusX service module Q4 2027 TBD πŸ‘ Singapore
 Qosmosys 		Orbiter
ZeusX lunar lander Lander
LIBER Rover
First lunar landing attempt for Singapore, lander can carry up to 800 kg to lunar surface.
Mission 2.5 Argo OTV 2027[143] TBD πŸ‘ United States
 Argo Space 		Transfer vehicle
Alpine[144] πŸ‘ United States
 ispace-U.S. 		Relay satellite
ispace Mission 2.5. First satellite for ispace's Lunar Connect Service.
Chandrayaan-4 Chandrayaan-4 2027–2028[145] LVM3 πŸ‘ India
 ISRO 		Lander
Luna 26 Luna 26 2028[146] Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat πŸ‘ Russia
 Roscosmos 		Orbiter
Orbiter, part of the Luna-Glob programme.[147] Will scout for Luna 27 landing site.
Chang'e 8 Chang'e 8 Orbiter 2028[148] Long March 5 πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		Orbiter
Chang'e 8 Lander Lander
Chang'e 8 Rover Rover
Chang'e 8 Robot Hopper
South pole lander.[149] Testing technology for using local resources and manufacturing with 3D printing.[150]
Mission 3 ULTRA 2028[143] TBD πŸ‘ Japan
 ispace 		Lander
Lupine[144] πŸ‘ United States
 ispace-U.S. 		Relay satellite
ispace Mission 3. First flight of ispace's ULTRA lunar lander.
TBD (Lunar Rover) South pole Rover 2028 Long March 5 πŸ‘ Pakistan
 SUPARCO 		Rover
Pakistans first Lunar Rover that will be launched aboard the Chang'e 8 mission as a part of the wider ILRS program.
Uncrewed Blue Moon Demo mission Blue Moon HLS 2028 New Glenn πŸ‘ United States
 Blue Origin 		Lander
Cislunar Transporter 2028 New Glenn πŸ‘ United States
 Lockheed Martin 		Transfer vehicle
Demo mission of Blue Moon lander system in preparation for crewed landing in 2029.
Artemis IV Starship HLS delivery Starship HLS 2028 Starship πŸ‘ United States
 SpaceX 		Lander
Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis IV mission.
Artemis V Blue Moon HLS delivery Blue Moon HLS 2028 New Glenn πŸ‘ United States
 Blue Origin 		Lander
Cislunar Transporter 2028 New Glenn πŸ‘ United States
 Lockheed Martin 		Transfer vehicle
Delivery of Blue Moon HLS for Artemis V mission.
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) LUPEX lander 2028–2029[145] H3 πŸ‘ India
 ISRO 		Lander
LUPEX rover πŸ‘ Japan
 JAXA 		Rover
Canadian lunar rover mission Canadensys Lunar Rover 2029[151] TBD πŸ‘ Canada
 Canadensys

πŸ‘ Canada
 CSA

Rover
First Canadian lunar rover. Will fly as part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative with Blue Ghost 4.[151][152]
Mission 4 ULTRA 2029[143] TBD πŸ‘ Image
 ESA
πŸ‘ Japan
 ispace 		Lander
Lunar Orbiting Satellite 3 & 4 πŸ‘ United States
 ispace-U.S. 		Relay satellites
ispace Mission 4. ESA Mission for Advanced Geophysics and Polar Ice Exploration (MAGPIE).
Luna 27 Luna 27A and Luna 27B 2029–2030[146] Angara A5 / Fregat πŸ‘ Russia
 Roscosmos 		Lander
Landers, part of the Luna-Glob programme.
TBD (CLPS Lander)[153] Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer (Roo-ver)[154][155] 2029–2030[155] TBD πŸ‘ Australia
 Australian Space Agency 		Rover
Mission 5 ULTRA 2030[143] Falcon 9 B5 πŸ‘ United States
 ispace-U.S.
πŸ‘ United States
 Draper 		Lander
Lunar Orbiting Satellite 5 πŸ‘ United States
 ispace-U.S. 		Relay satellite
ispace Mission 5. CLPS CP-12.
Argonaut M1 Argonaut Lander 2031[156] Ariane 64 πŸ‘ Image
 ESA 		Lander
Robotic Lander system. Will act as resupply vehicle for future Moonbase.[157]
KLEP KLLR Lander NET 2032 KSLV-III πŸ‘ South Korea
 KARI 		Lander
KLLR Rover Rover
Second mission of the Korean Lunar Exploration Program.[158]
Lunar Voyage 3[159][160] Mapp TBA TBA πŸ‘ United States
 Lunar Outpost 		Rover
First fully commercial mission of Lunar Outpost MAPP program.

Crewed

[edit]
Agency or company Name Spacecraft Launch date Launch vehicle Notes
πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Artemis IV Orion,
Starship HLS 		H1 2028[161] SLS Block 1
Starship 		First Artemis crewed lunar landing.
πŸ‘ United States
 NASA 		Artemis V Orion,
Blue Moon HLS 		Late 2028[161] SLS Block 1
New Glenn 		Crewed surface expedition.
πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		Chinese crewed lunar mission Mengzhou,
Lanyue 		~2030[162] Long March 10 Two launches of LM-10 to put a pair of astronauts on the Moon for a 6-hour stay.[162]

Proposed but full funding still unclear

[edit]

Robotic and crewed

[edit]

The following missions have been proposed but their full funding is unclear:

Agency or company Mission Name of spacecraft Proposed launch Notes
πŸ‘ Canada
 GEC 		βš€ Doge-1[163] TBA 12U CubeSat, the mission is being paid for entirely with the cryptocurrency Dogecoin. First Canadian lunar mission.
πŸ‘ Israel
 SpaceIL 		Beresheet 2[164] Orbiter 2025 One orbiter, two landers.
Lander 1
Lander 2
πŸ‘ Brazil
 Airvantis		 GaratΓ©a-L 2025[165] Proposed lunar CubeSat, Partnership between UKSA and ESA.
πŸ‘ Germany
 OHB

πŸ‘ Israel
 IAI

LSAS lander 2025 proposed commercial lander, will rideshare with a Geostationary satellite.
πŸ‘ United States
 Parsec 		Parsec lunar satellites 2025 Parsec lunar communication constellation.[166]
πŸ‘ Turkey
 Turkish Space Agency 		AYAP-1 2026 Turkey will perform a hard landing on the Moon.
πŸ‘ Image
 ESA 		Lunar Meteoroid Impact Observer 2027 Proposed CubeSat to observe asteroid impacts on Far side of Moon.
πŸ‘ Australia
 Australian Space Agency 		Lunar Trailblazer 2026 Under study for possible rover mission
πŸ‘ Netherlands
 Delft University of Technology 		Lunar zebro 2026 Small swarming rover, radiation measurements
πŸ‘ Turkey
 Turkish Space Agency 		AYAP-2 Lander 2028 Soft landing mission
Rover
πŸ‘ Russia
 Roscosmos 		Zeus 2030 Nuclear Propelled Space Tug, might deliver payloads to the moon
πŸ‘ China
 CNSA

πŸ‘ Russia
 Roscosmos

International Lunar Research Station
(ILRS 1–5) 		2031–2035 5 crucial missions planned for comprehensive establishment of ILRS to complete the in-orbit and surface facilities.
πŸ‘ Russia
 Roscosmos 		Luna 29 2032[146] Orbiter, part of the Luna-Glob program.
πŸ‘ Russia
 Roscosmos 		Luna 28 2034[146] Proposed sample-return mission, part of the Luna-Glob program. May include a small rover.
πŸ‘ Russia
 Roscosmos 		Luna 30 2036[146] Lander, part of the Luna-Glob program. Will include Luna-Grunt rovers.
πŸ‘ India
 ISRO 		Indian Lunar Crewed Mission ~2040[167] National effort to send an Indian astronaut to the moon using India's own rocket and technology
πŸ‘ United States
 NASA		 BOLAS TBD 2 tethered CubeSats on a very low lunar orbit.[168]
πŸ‘ Canada
 Magellan Aerospace		 Autonomous Impactor for Lunar Exploration TBD Impactor for LEAP
πŸ‘ United States
 NASA		 Lunar Crater Radio Telescope TBD Radio telescope made by 4 rovers
πŸ‘ United States
 LiftPort Group		 Lunar space elevator TBD Creating a reusable, replaceable and expandable Lunar elevator to open up the resources present on the Moon
πŸ‘ Czech Republic
 ESC Aerospace 		LVICEΒ² TBD Measuring the concentration of micrometeorites[169]

Lunar rovers

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies Β§ Moon.[edit]
Mission Rover Country/Agency Date of landing Coordinates Operational time Distance travelled Outcome
Luna E-8 No.201 Lunokhod πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 Lavochkin 		10 November 1968 N/A 0 days 0 km Launch failure
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[170]
Luna 17 Lunokhod 1 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 USSR 		17 November 1970 322 days 10.5 km (6.5 mi) Successful
First rover on an extraterrestrial body.
Luna 21 Lunokhod 2 πŸ‘ Soviet Union
 USSR 		15 January 1973 117 days 39 km (24 mi) Successful
Farthest distance traveled on the Moon.
Chang'e 3 Yutu πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		14 December 2013 42 days (mobile)
973 days (total) 		114.8 m (377 ft) Successful
First Chinese extraterrestrial rover and first lunar rover in over 40 years.
Chang'e 4 Yutu-2 πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		3 January 2019 2647 days 1.455 km (0.904 mi)[171]
as of 3 January 2023[update] 		Operational
First rover on the far side of the Moon. Longest fully functioning rover on the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2 Pragyan πŸ‘ India
 ISRO 		6 September 2019 0 days 0 km Precluded
Lost when Vikram lander crash landed on the Moon.
Hakuto-R Mission 1 Rashid πŸ‘ United Arab Emirates
 MBRSC 		April 2023 TBD 0 days 0 km Precluded
Sora-Q πŸ‘ Japan
 Tomy/JAXA/Doshisha University 		April 2023 Precluded
Contact lost during final descent of the Hakuto-R Mission 1 lander. Presumed crash landing and failure.
Chandrayaan-3 Pragyan πŸ‘ India
 ISRO 		23 August 2023 [172] 12 days 101.4 m (333 ft)[173]
as of 2 September 2023[update] 		Successful
First rover to successfully operate near lunar south pole.
SLIM LEV-1 πŸ‘ Japan
 JAXA 		19 January 2024 1 hour and 51 minutes Successful
LEV-2 (Sora-Q) Successful
A hopper and a rover included in the SLIM mission which demonstrated precision landing technology.
Peregrine Mission One Iris πŸ‘ United States
 CMU 		2024 Precluded
Colmena x5 πŸ‘ Mexico
 UNAM 		Precluded
Colmena would have been deployed using a small catapult mechanism. Mission cancelled along with the cancelled landing of Peregrine lander due to excessive propellant leak.[174]
Chang'e 6 Jinchan πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		1 June 2024 4 days Success
Conduct infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface.[175]
IM-2 MAPP LV1 πŸ‘ United States
 Lunar Outpost 		6 March 2025 Precluded
AstroAnt πŸ‘ United States
 MIT[176] 		Precluded
Micro-Nova πŸ‘ United States
 Intuitive Machines 		Precluded
Yaoki πŸ‘ Japan
 Dymon 		Precluded
MAPP and Micro-Nova would have demonstrated a new lunar communication system. IM-2 landed on 6 March 2025. The spacecraft was intact after touchdown but resting on its side, thereby complicating its planned science and technology demonstration mission; this outcome is similar to what occurred with the company's IM-1 Odysseus spacecraft in 2024.[177]
Hakuto-R Mission 2 Tenacious πŸ‘ Luxembourg
 ispace Europe 		June 2025 Precluded
Hakuto-R Mission 2 featured a rover for surface exploration and data collection. Contact lost during final descent of the Hakuto-R Mission 2 lander. Presumed crash landing and failure.
Griffin-1 CubeRover-1 πŸ‘ United States
 Astrobotic 		2026 Planned
FLIP πŸ‘ United States
 Astrolab 		Planned
IM-3 Lunar Vertex πŸ‘ United States
NASA 		2026 Planned
CADRE x4 πŸ‘ United States
NASA 		Planned
Mission to study Reiner Gamma.
Chang’e 7 Chang’e 7 rover πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		2026 Planned
Chang’e 7 hopper Planned
Will search for water ice in and around craters in the south pole of the Moon.
Starship lunar cargo mission FLEX πŸ‘ United States
 Astrolab 		2026 Planned
Astrolab contracted with SpaceX to send their rover to the Moon aboard Starship[178][179]
TBD (CLPS Lander)[180] Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer (Roo-ver)[181] πŸ‘ Australia
 ASA 		2026 Planned
Australia's first lunar rover.
Astrobotic mission 3 βš€ LunaGrid-Lite CubeRover πŸ‘ United States
 Astrobotic 		2026 Planned
Third lunar mission by Astrobotic, will land at lunar south pole. LunaGrid-Lite mission.
LUPEX LUPEX Rover πŸ‘ Japan
 JAXA πŸ‘ India
 ISRO 		2028 Planned
Joint mission between ISRO and JAXA.
Chang’e 8 Chang’e 8 rover πŸ‘ China
 CNSA 		2028 Planned
Chang’e 8 Robot Planned
Chinese ISRU mission in preparation for ILRS.
KLEP KLLR Rover πŸ‘ South Korea
 KARI 		2032 Planned
Second mission of the Korean Lunar Exploration Program.[182]

Unrealized concepts

[edit]

1960s

[edit]

1970s

[edit]
  • Canceled Apollo missions – The Apollo program had three more missions lined up until Apollo 20, but the missions beyond Apollo 17, the sixth and final landing mission, were canceled due to budget constraints, change in technical direction and hardware delays. The ambitions shifted towards developing next generation rockets like Space Shuttle, the space station Skylab and in exploration programs such as Grand Tour program.[184]

2000s

[edit]

2010s

[edit]
  • Resource Prospector – Concept by NASA of a rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. It was canceled in April 2018.[186]
  • Indo-Russian joint mission – A joint mission between India and Russia for a robotic lander and rover was under development since 2007. Russia was supposed to develop the lander while India would develop an orbiter, a rover and launch the composite. However, with failure of Fobos-Grunt mission, Russia was unable to provide the lander in time and requested India to accept the delay and risk. The collaboration ended with India repurposing its orbiter towards Mars with its Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013.[187] India would later go on to develop and launch its Chandrayaan-2 and Chandrayaan-3 mission, using an indigenously developed lander.

2020s

[edit]
  • DearMoon was an unrealized tourist mission financed by Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa. Maezawa and six to eight other civilians would have performed a lunar flyby in a SpaceX Starship. It was cancelled on June 1, 2024.[188]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Even though the source says "IST will conduct various tests"; IST being a research university does not directly control the orbiter, rather any tests or operations on the orbiter are done through the national space agency i.e SUPARCO."[114]
  2. ^ While Orbiting specific missions achieve a flyby milestone by virtue of entering the orbit, this table lists only flyby specific missions.

References

[edit]
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