From Classical Malay rumah, from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

• IPA^(key): /ruma/
• Rhymes: -a
• Hyphenation: ru‧ma

ruma

1. house (abode)
2. house (building used for something other than a residence)

   Synonym: gedong

3. house (shell of an animal such as a snail, used for protection)
4. home (house or structure in which someone lives)

• Chaer, A. (2009) [1976], “ruma”, in Kamus dialek Jakarta [Dictionary of the Jakarta dialect], revised edition (in Indonesian), Depok: Masup Jakarta, →ISBN, page 393

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq.

ruma

1. house

• René van den Berg and Brent Wiebe, Bola Grammar Sketch

From Proto-Finnic *ruma, possibly a North Germanic borrowing. Cognates include Estonian rumal (“stupid”), Ingrian ruma (“ugly”), Livonian rumāli (“dirty”), Livvi ruma, Veps ruma (“ugly; coarse”) and Votic ruma. The Finnic word has been borrowed into Sami; compare Northern Sami ropmi.

• IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -umɑ
• Syllabification^(key): ru‧ma
• Hyphenation^(key): ru‧ma

ruma (comparative rumempi, superlative rumin)

1. ugly (displeasing to the eye or ear)

   Synonyms: epäesteettinen, pahannäköinen

   Antonym: kaunis

   Näytän mielestäni niin rumalta tällä kampauksella, että en halua mennä ulos ilman hattua.

   I think I look so ugly with this hairstyle that I don't want to go outside without a hat.

   Ruisrääkän rääkynä on niin rumaa, että se kuulostaa melkein kauniilta.

   The corncrake has such an ugly croak that it almost sounds beautiful.

2. ugly, dirty (offensive to one's sensibilities or morality)

   Synonyms: moraaliton, ikävä, ilkeä, kelju, kurja, paha

   Hän teki meille ruman tempun. ― He played a dirty trick on us.

3. dirty, foul (of a word or language in general: something considered vulgar)

   ruma sana ― dirty word

• “ruma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023

• Amur, mura

rūma

1. romanization of 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰

From Proto-Oceanic *ʀumaq, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

ruma

1. house (abode)

From Proto-Finnic *ruma. Cognates include Finnish ruma and Veps ruma.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑˑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑˑ]
• Rhymes: -umɑ
• Hyphenation: ru‧ma

ruma

1. ugly
2. bad, poor (of low quality)

Declension of ruma (type 3/koira, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	ruma	rumat
genitive	ruman	rummiin
partitive	rummaa	rummia
illative	rummaa	rummii
inessive	rumas	rumis
elative	rumast	rumist
allative	rumalle	rumille
adessive	rumal	rumil
ablative	rumalt	rumilt
translative	rumaks	rumiks
essive	rumanna, rummaan	ruminna, rummiin
exessive1)	rumant	rumint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

• (low-quality): prostoi

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 491

• IPA^(key): /ɾuma/

ruma (infinitive kũruma)

1. to curse, to abuse

(Proverbs)

• kĩonje kĩrumaga mũhiũhia

(Nouns)

• kĩrumi class 7

• Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).

• rū̆mis

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈruː.ma], [ˈrʊ.ma]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈruː.ma]
• The length of the U is not directly attested. It should be short based on the attested short vowel in the derivative irrumō, but a pronunciation with long ū may have developed due to influence from and conflation with rūmen.^[1]

Unknown. Possibly from Etruscan 𐌓𐌖𐌌 (rum).

rū̆ma f (genitive rū̆mae); first declension

1. (anatomy) udder, teat, breast

   Synonyms: ūber, sūmen

   • 116 BCE – 27 BCE, Marcus Terentius Varro, Logistorici 7.2, (as cited by Nonius):

     Ruminae propter rumam, id est prisco vocabulo mammam

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 2nd century, Sextus Pompeius Festus, De Verborum Significatione 266:

     Romulum quidam a fico Ruminali, ali quod lupae ruma nutritus est, appellatum esse ineptissime dixerunt.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • Augustine of Hippo, De Civitate Dei 7.11:

     Dixerunt eum Victorem, Inuictum, Opitulum, Inpulsorem, Statorem, Centumpedam, Supinalem, Tigillum, Almum, Ruminum et alia quae persequi longum est. Haec autem cognomina inposuerunt uni deo propter causas potestatesque diuersas, non tamen propter tot res etiam tot deos eum esse coegerunt: quod omnia uinceret, quod a nemine uinceretur, quod opem indigentibus ferret, quod haberet inpellendi, statuendi, stabiliendi, resupinandi potestatem, quod tamquam tigillus mundum contineret ac sustineret, quod aleret omnia, quod ruma, id est mamma, aleret animalia.

     • 1963 translation by William M. Green

       The pagans have called Jupiter by the titles Victor, Invictus, Opitulus, Impulsor, Stator, Centumpeda, Supinalis, Tigillus, Almus, Ruminus, and still others which it would be tedious to enumerate. They have applied all these names to one god for various reasons and because of his various powers. But they have not, though there are so many functions, compelled him to become as many different gods. The functions are that he is victor over all, and invincible, and brings help to the needy, and has the power of impelling, of causing to stand, of stabilizing, and of laying flat; because he maintains and sustains the world like a beam; because he nourishes all things, and nourishes all animals by the breast (ruma).

First-declension noun.

From rūmen.

rūma f (genitive rūmae); first declension

1. (anatomy) throat, gullet
   • Maurus Servius Honoratus, In Vergilii Aeneidos Libros 8.90.9:

     Quamvis ficum ruminalem alii a Romulo velint dictam, quasi Romularem, alii a lacte infantibus dato: nam pars gutturis ruma dicitur.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. (anatomy) rumen

   Synonym: rūmen

3. stomach, abdomen

   Synonyms: venter, pantex

First-declension noun.

• “ruma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• "ruma", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

• IPA^(key): /ˈru.ma/
• Rhymes: -uma
• Syllabification: ru‧ma

ruma

1. inflection of rum:
   1. genitive singular
   2. nominative/accusative dual

From Proto-Oceanic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

ruma

1. house (abode)

• IPA^(key): /ˈruː.mɑ/
• Rhymes: -uː.mɑ

rūma

1. inflection of rūm:
   1. strong nominative/accusative feminine plural
   2. weak nominative masculine singular

rūma

1. genitive plural of rūm

ruma

1. inflection of rumar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

From Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

ruma

1. house; home

   naniyam ruma piyalaudr tu pitaun.

   The door of our house is to the east.

• Stacy Fang-Ching Teng (鄧芳青), A Reference Grammar Of Puyuma, An Austronesian Language Of Taiwan, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2008.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-dʊ́ma.

• IPA^(key): /ɾúma/

-ruma (infinitive okuruma) (transitive)

1. to bite

   Near-synonym: -tema

• Verbal derivations:
  • Short causative: -rumya
  • Passive: -rumwa

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[3], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 244
• Rubongoya, L. T. (2013), Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro–Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro–Rutooro dictionary]‎^[4], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 343

ruma

1. to send

From Proto-Finnic *ruma, possibly a North Germanic borrowing. Cognates include Finnish ruma.

ruma

1. ugly
2. coarse, rough

Inflection of ruma (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing.	ruma
genitive sing.	ruman
partitive sing.	rumad
partitive plur.	rumid
	singular	plural
nominative	ruma	rumad
accusative	ruman	rumad
genitive	ruman	rumiden
partitive	rumad	rumid
essive-instructive	ruman	rumin
translative	rumaks	rumikš
inessive	rumas	rumiš
elative	rumaspäi	rumišpäi
illative	rumaha	rumihe
adessive	rumal	rumil
ablative	rumalpäi	rumilpäi
allative	rumale	rumile
abessive	rumata	rumita
comitative	rumanke	rumidenke
prolative	rumadme	rumidme
approximative I	rumanno	rumidenno
approximative II	rumannoks	rumidennoks
egressive	rumannopäi	rumidennopäi
terminative I	rumahasai	rumihesai
terminative II	rumalesai	rumilesai
terminative III	rumassai	—
additive I	rumahapäi	rumihepäi
additive II	rumalepäi	rumilepäi

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “грубый, некрасивый”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[5], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

From Proto-Finnic *ruma.

• (Luutsa, Liivčülä) IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
• Rhymes: -umɑ
• Hyphenation: ru‧ma

ruma

1. plain, bare
2. rough
3. bad, poor
4. ugly

Declension of ruma (type V/poikõ, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	ruma	rumad
genitive	ruma	rumijõ
partitive	rumma	rumiit
illative	rumasõ, rumma	rumiisõ
inessive	rumaz	rumiiz
elative	rumass	rumiiss
allative	rumallõ	rumiillõ
adessive	rumall	rumiill
ablative	rumalt	rumiilt
translative	rumassi	rumiissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive. For dialectal differences between case endings, see Appendix:Votic dialects.

• Hallap, V.; Adler, E.; Grünberg, S.; Leppik, M. (2012), “ruma”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language]‎^[6], 2nd edition, Tallinn

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