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Sulphonation of Benzene

Last Updated: 25 May 2026

Sulphonation of benzene is an electrophilic substitution reaction in which a hydrogen atom of the benzene ring is replaced by a sulphonic acid group (–SO3H) to form benzen...read more

Last Updated: 02 June 2026

Ozonolysis is an important reaction of unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes) in which they react with ozone (O3) leading to the cleavage of the carbon–carbon double bond. In ...read more

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Chemistry

Chemistry-Class-11

Halogenation of Alkanes

Last Updated: 20 May 2026

Halogenation of alkanes is a chemical reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane are replaced by halogen atoms such as chlorine (Cl) or bromine (Br). This r...read more

Last Updated: 20 May 2026

Nitration of alkanes is a reaction in which a hydrogen atom of an alkane is replaced by a nitro group (–NO2) using nitric acid. This reaction occurs through a free radical...read more

Last Updated: 18 April 2026

Resonance is a concept used to explain the structure of molecules that cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure. In such molecules, electrons are not confined bet...read more

Last Updated: 19 May 2026

Ionization enthalpy is an important concept in chemistry that explains how easily an atom can lose an electron. It is defined as the minimum amount of energy required to r...read more

Last Updated: 10 March 2026

Chemistry Class 11 is an important stage in building a strong foundation in the subject. It introduces students to the fundamental concepts of physical, organic, and inorg...read more

Last Updated: 23 July 2025

Avogadro's Law was invented by Amedeo Carlo Avogadro in 1811. He was an Italian chemist and mathematician physicist. He said that, at constant temperature and pressure, tw...read more

Addition Reaction of Alkynes

Last Updated: 23 July 2025

Alkynes are unsaturated organic compounds. In the alkyne compounds the presence of pi electrons can be seen. These electrons are loosely held and due to this reason alkyne...read more

Last Updated: 23 July 2025

Formula mass is the sum of the atomic weight of all atoms in a molecule or compound. It can be expressed in atomic mass unit. It is used to obtain the mass of either a sin...read more

Last Updated: 23 July 2025

Law of Mass Action relates to the rate of a chemical reaction. It states that the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentrations of its reactants. More ...read more

Last Updated: 23 July 2025

Hydroxyl is an chemical group that plays a big role in organic chemistry. It is an -OH functional group with an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, and it is usually re...read more

Last Updated: 23 July 2025

Picric acid is a yellow chemical used in dyes and explosives known for its explosive properties and toxicity. It contains three nitro group attached to phenol ring. The ar...read more

Acid and Base Strength

Last Updated: 23 July 2025

Acids are substances that can donate protons (H+ ions) to other substances whereas Bases are substances that can accept protons (H⁺ ions) or donate hydroxide ions (OH-) to...read more

Acids, Bases and Salts

Homogeneous Equilibrium

Last Updated: 23 July 2025

Homogeneous Equilibrium is a state in a chemical reaction where all reactants and products are in the same phase. In this equilibrium, the rate of forward and backward rea...read more

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