 |
VOOZH | about |
|
VOOZH | about |
| Crossite | A discredited species name | |
| Crucite (of Delamétherie) | A synonym of 'Chiastolite' | |
| Crucite (of Thomson) | A synonym of 'Crucilite' | |
| Grossite | A valid IMA mineral species | CaAl4O7 |
| Kerusit | A synonym of Cerussite | |
| Kraurite | A synonym of Dufrénite | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe53+(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Krautite | A valid IMA mineral species | Mn(HAsO4) · H2O |
| Kryzaite | A valid IMA mineral species - pending publication | Na4(MgCr)(PO4)3 |
| Kyrosite | A synonym of 'Lonchidite' |
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Ksi | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0001008 | Krausite | Effenberger H, Pertlik F, Zemann J (1986) Refinement of the crystal structure of krausite: a mineral with an interpolyhedral oxygen-oxygen contact shorter than the hydrogen bond American Mineralogist 71 202-205 | 👁 Image | 1986 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000141 | Krausite | Graeber E J, Morosin B, Rosenzweig A (1965) The crystal structure of krausite, KFe(SO4)2.H2O American Mineralogist 50 1929-1936 | 👁 Image | 1965 | 0 | 293 |
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.69 Å | (70) |
| 4.40 Å | (80) |
| 4.26 Å | (50) |
| 3.69 Å | (70) |
| 3.09 Å | (100) |
| 2.77 Å | (40) |
| 2.58 Å | (40) |
| 2.55 Å | (40) |
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
| 37 photos of Krausite associated with Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 25 photos of Krausite associated with Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 23 photos of Krausite associated with Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 6 photos of Krausite associated with Metavoltine | K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 5 photos of Krausite associated with Voltaite | K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 4 photos of Krausite associated with Native Sulphur | S8 |
| 4 photos of Krausite associated with Magnesiocopiapite | MgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 3 photos of Krausite associated with Goldichite | KFe(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 3 photos of Krausite associated with 'Copper-bearing Melanterite' | (Fe,Cu)SO4 · 7H2O |
| 2 photos of Krausite associated with Copiapite | Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 7.CC. | Cobaltoblödite | Na2Co(SO4)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC. | Andychristyite | PbCu2+Te6+O5(H2O) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 7.CC. | Ammoniovoltaite | (NH4)2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12(H2O)18 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c |
| 7.CC.10 | Tamarugite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.15 | Mendozite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 11H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 7.CC.15 | Kalinite | KAl(SO4)2 · 11H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 7.CC.20 | Alum-(Na) | NaAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| 7.CC.20 | Lonecreekite | (NH4)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 12H2O | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| 7.CC.20 | Alum-(K) | KAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| 7.CC.20 | Tschermigite | (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| 7.CC.20 | Lanmuchangite | Tl+Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O | Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3 |
| 7.CC.25 | Zincovoltaite | K2Zn5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c |
| 7.CC.25 | Voltaite | K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c |
| 7.CC.25 | Magnesiovoltaite | K2Mg5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c |
| 7.CC.25 | Pertlikite | K2(Fe2+,Mg)2(Mg,Fe3+)4Fe3+2Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/acd |
| 7.CC.25 | Ammoniomagnesiovoltaite | (NH4)2Mg2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c |
| 7.CC.30 | Kröhnkite | Na2Cu(SO4)2 · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.35 | Ferrinatrite | Na3Fe(SO4)3 · 3H2O | Trig. 3 : P3 |
| 7.CC.40 | Goldichite | KFe(SO4)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.45 | Löweite | Na12Mg7(SO4)13 · 15H2O | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 7.CC.50 | Nickelblödite | Na2Ni(SO4)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.50 | Blödite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.50 | Changoite | Na2Zn(SO4)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.55 | Leonite | K2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| 7.CC.55 | Mereiterite | K2Fe(SO4)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| 7.CC.60 | Nickelpicromerite | K2Ni(SO4)2 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.60 | Nickelboussingaultite | (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.60 | Katerinopoulosite | (NH4)2Zn(SO4)2 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.60 | Picromerite | K2Mg(SO4)2 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 7.CC.60 | Cyanochroite | K2Cu(SO4)2 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.60 | Mohrite | (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.60 | Boussingaultite | (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.65 | Polyhalite | K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4 · 2H2O | Tric. 1 |
| 7.CC.70 | Leightonite | K2Ca2Cu(SO4)4 · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 7.CC.75 | Amarillite | NaFe(SO4)2 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 7.CC.80 | Konyaite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 5H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.CC.85 | Wattevilleite | Na2Ca(SO4)2 · 4H2O (?) | Orth. |
| 7.CC.85 | Xocolatlite | Ca2Mn4+2(Te6+O6)2 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
| 7.CC.90 | Eckhardite | (Ca,Pb)Cu2+Te6+O5(H2O) | Mon. 2/m |
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 12.8156% | 3,973 | β, γ |
For comparison:
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Showing 31 localities.
Argentina | |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) +2 other references |
Canada | |
| Shang (2000) |
Chile | |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter +5 other references |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (Uwe Kolitsch SXRD on Arturo Molina material) |
China | |
| Xu Ying-xia et al. (2006) |
France | |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
Germany | |
| Thalheim +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Dr. A. Godelitsas collection and ... +1 other reference |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
Hungary | |
| collector: Gábor Koller +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) |
| Russo et al. (2017) |
| Russo et al. (2017) | |
| De Michele (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Campostrini et al. (2010) |
| Mauro (2020) |
| Mauro D. (2016) | |
| Biagioni et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Am Min (1931) +2 other references |
Peru | |
| Hyršl (2010) +2 other references |
Poland | |
| Cu +2 other references |
Romania | |
| Ł. Kruszewski & M. Cegiełka PXRD data +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
USA | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| part 2 +7 other references |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) |
