A common acidic alteration product of iron sulphides (pyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite), frequently found as crusts and powders associated with other iron sulphates such as römerite, halotrichite etc.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

3410

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:3410:0

IMA Classification of RhomboclaseHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Classification of RhomboclaseHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

7.CB.55

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H₂O
B : With only medium-sized cations

Dana 8th ed.:

29.1.1.1

29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
1 : Hydrated Acid Sulfates

Hey's CIM Ref.:

25.10.6

25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Rbc	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of RhomboclaseHide

Lustre:

Sub-Vitreous, Pearly

Transparency:

Transparent

Colour:

Blue, colourless, white, yellow, light green, grey; colourless in transmitted light

Streak:

White

Hardness:

2 on Mohs scale

Tenacity:

Elastic

Cleavage:

Perfect
On {001} perfect; on {110} good.

Fracture:

Conchoidal, Fibrous

Density:

2.23 g/cm³ (Measured) 2.21 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of RhomboclaseHide

Type:

Biaxial (+)

RI values:

n_α = 1.534 n_β = 1.553 n_γ = 1.638

2V:

Measured: 27° , Calculated: 54°

Max. Birefringence:

δ = 0.104
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.

Surface Relief:

Moderate

Dispersion:

r > v weak

Optical Extinction:

Parallel. X = c; Y = a; Z = b.

Chemistry of RhomboclaseHide

Mindat Formula:

(H₅O₂)Fe³⁺(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O

May contain minor As.

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
O	59.804 %
S	19.976 %
Fe	17.395 %
H	2.826 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Fe, H, O, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of RhomboclaseHide

Crystal System:

Orthorhombic

Class (H-M):

mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal

Space Group:

Pnma

Cell Parameters:

a = 9.72 Å, b = 18.33 Å, c = 5.42 Å

Ratio:

a:b:c = 0.53 : 1 : 0.296

Unit Cell V:

965.67 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Crystals thin tabular {001}, with rhombic outline. Also forms stalactites with a radiating bladed structure.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0007142	Rhomboclase	Majzlan J, Navrotsky A, McCleskey R B, Alpers C N (2006) Thermodynamic properties and crystal structure refinement of ferricopiapite, coquimbite, rhomboclase, and Fe2(SO4)3(H2O)5 European Journal of Mineralogy 18 175-186	2006	synthetic	0	293
0015649	Rhomboclase	Mereiter K (1974) Die Kristallstruktur von Rhomboklas, H5O2+{Fe[SO4]22H2O}-* Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 21 216-232	1974	synthetic	0	293
0006292	Rhomboclase	Peterson R C, Valyashko E, Wang R (2009) The atomic structure of (H3O)Fe3+(SO4)2 and rhomboclase, (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)22H2O* The Canadian Mineralogist 47 625-634	👁 Image	2009	Alcoparrosa, Chile	0	180

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
9.18 Å	(> 100)
3.29 Å	(18)
4.05 Å	(15)
3.33 Å	(15)
3.11 Å	(11)
3.05 Å	(10)
4.75 Å	(7)

Comments:

Cerro de Pasco, Peru. The data are from Van Tassel (1974). Data for synthetic material are also given in that reference.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event	<2.4
45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates]
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]
47b : [Sulfates and sulfites]
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere	<0.6
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals	<0.36
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals	<10 Ka
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56)
56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55)

Geological Setting:

Weathering of pyrite rich orebodies, especially in arid climates.

Type Occurrence of RhomboclaseHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Smolník, Gelnica District, Košice Region, Slovakia

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Pyritic ore body

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Copiapite

Szomolnokite

Other Language Names for RhomboclaseHide

German:Rhomboklas

Russian:Ромбоклаз

Simplified Chinese:板铁矾

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

2 photos of Rhomboclase associated with Pyrite	FeS₂
1 photo of Rhomboclase associated with 'Unnamed (Fe Sulphate Hydroxide)'	Fe(SO₄)(OH)
1 photo of Rhomboclase associated with Krausite	KFe(SO₄)₂ · H₂O
1 photo of Rhomboclase associated with Butlerite	Fe³⁺(SO₄)(OH) · 2H₂O
1 photo of Rhomboclase associated with Hydroniumjarosite	(H₃O)Fe³⁺₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
1 photo of Rhomboclase associated with Coquimbite	AlFe₃(SO₄)₆(H₂O)₁₂ · 6H₂O
1 photo of Rhomboclase associated with Hematite	Fe₂O₃
1 photo of Rhomboclase associated with Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
1 photo of Rhomboclase associated with Zincovoltaite	K₂Zn₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O
1 photo of Rhomboclase associated with Magnesiovoltaite	K₂Mg₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

7.CB.	Sarvodaite	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 5H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.02	Voudourisite	CdSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.05	Szmikite	MnSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Szomolnokite	FeSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Cobaltkieserite	CoSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Dwornikite	Ni(SO₄) · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Kieserite	MgSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Poitevinite	(Cu,Fe)SO₄ · H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.05	Gunningite	ZnSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.07	Sanderite	MgSO₄ · 2H₂O	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
7.CB.10	Bonattite	CuSO₄ · 3H₂O	Mon. m : Bb
7.CB.12	Belogubite	CuZn(SO₄)₂ · 10H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.15	Drobecite	CdSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.15	Aplowite	(Co,Mn,Ni)SO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m
7.CB.15	Cranswickite	MgSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. m : Bb
7.CB.15	Rozenite	FeSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.15	Starkeyite	MgSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.15	Ilesite	Mn²⁺(SO₄) · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m
7.CB.15	Boyleite	ZnSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.20	Siderotil	FeSO₄ · 5H₂O	Tric.
7.CB.20	Jôkokuite	MnSO₄ · 5H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.20	Pentahydrite	MgSO₄ · 5H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.20	Chalcanthite	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.25	Chvaleticeite	Mn(SO₄) · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.25	Nickelhexahydrite	Ni(SO₄) · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.25	Hexahydrite	MgSO₄ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CB.25	Bianchite	Zn(SO₄) · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CB.25	Moorhouseite	Co(SO₄) · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.25	Ferrohexahydrite	FeSO₄ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.30	Retgersite	NiSO₄ · 6H₂O	Tet. 422 : P4₁2₁2
7.CB.35	Zincmelanterite	(Zn,Cu,Fe)SO₄ · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.35	Melanterite	Fe²⁺(H₂O)₆SO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.35	Alpersite	(Mg,Cu)(SO₄) · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.35	Bieberite	CoSO₄ · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CB.35	Boothite	CuSO₄ · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.35	Mallardite	MnSO₄ · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CB.40	Epsomite	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
7.CB.40	Goslarite	ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
7.CB.40	Morenosite	NiSO₄ · 7H₂O	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
7.CB.45	Meta-alunogen	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 12H₂O	Orth.
7.CB.45	Alunogen	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 17H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.50	Aluminocoquimbite	Al₂Fe₂(SO₄)₆(H₂O)₁₂ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31c
7.CB.50	Lazaridisite	3CdSO₄ · 8H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.52	Pararaisaite	CuMg[Te⁶⁺O₄(OH)₂] · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.55	Paracoquimbite	Fe₄(SO₄)₆(H₂O)₁₂ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3 : R3
7.CB.55	Raisaite	CuMg[Te⁶⁺O₄(OH)₂] · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.55	Coquimbite	AlFe₃(SO₄)₆(H₂O)₁₂ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31c
7.CB.57	'Caichengyunite'	Fe²⁺₃Al₂(SO₄)₆ · 30H₂O	Mon.
7.CB.60	Kornelite	Fe₂(SO₄)₃ · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.65	Quenstedtite	Fe₂(SO₄)₃ · 11H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.70	Lausenite	Fe₂(SO₄)₃ · 5H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.75	Römerite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂(SO₄)₄ · 14H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.75	Lishizhenite	ZnFe₂(SO₄)₄ · 14H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.80	Ransomite	CuFe₂(SO₄)₄ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Dietrichite	(Zn,Fe²⁺,Mn²⁺)Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Halotrichite	FeAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2 : P2
7.CB.85	Apjohnite	Mn²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Redingtonite	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2
7.CB.85	Pickeringite	MgAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Bílinite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Wupatkiite	(Co,Mg,Ni)Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.90	Meridianiite	MgSO₄ · 11H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for RhomboclaseHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-3410.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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External Links:

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

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References for RhomboclaseHide

Reference List:

Krenner, J. (1891) Ak. Értes., Budapest: 2: 96 (as Rhomboklas).

Scharizer, R. (1901) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 35: 345 (as Saures Ferrisulfate).

Krenner, J. (1907) Földtani Közlöny, Budapest (Magyarhone Földtani Torsulat): 37: 204.

Scharizer, R. (1907) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 43: 113.

Scharizer, R. (1921) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 56: 353.

Posnjak, E.; Merwin, H. E. (1922) The system, Fe2O3—SO3—H2O. Journal Of The American Chemical Society, 44 (9). 1965-1994 doi:10.1021/ja01430a016p.1983

Scharizer, Rudolf (1927) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der chemischen Konstitution und der Genese der natürlichen Ferrisulfate. XIII. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 65 (1-6). 335-360 doi:10.1524/zkri.1927.65.1.335

Krenner, J. (1928) Zwei neue Mineralien aus Ungarn. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 265-271.

Foshag, W.F. (1929) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 14: 77-79.

Bandy, Mark C. (1938) Mineralogy of three sulphate deposits of northern Chile. American Mineralogist, 23 (11) 669-760 p.740

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.436-437

Becherer, K. (1970) Gitterkonstanten und Raumgruppe von Rhomboklas, FeH(SO4)2.4H2O. TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 14 (2). 155-157 doi:10.1007/bf01157313

van Tassel, R. (1974) X-ray powder data of rhomboclase. Mineralogical Magazine, 39 (305) 610-612 doi:10.1180/minmag.1974.039.305.18

Mereiter, K. (1974) Die Kristallstruktur von Rhomboklas, H₅O₂⁺{Fe[SO₄]₂·2H₂O}^-. TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 21 (3) 216-232 doi:10.1007/bf01081032

Jambor, J.L., Puziewicz, J., Roberts, A.C. (1995) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 80 (3-4). 404-409

(2005) Rhomboclase. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Majzlan, Juraj, Navrotsky, Alexandra, McCleskey, R. Blaine, Alpers, Charles N. (2006) Thermodynamic properties and crystal structure refinement of ferricopiapite, coquimbite, rhomboclase, and Fe2(SO4)3(H2O)5. European Journal of Mineralogy, 18 (2) 175-186 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0175

Peterson, R. C., Valyashko, E., Wang, R. (2009) The atomic structure of (H₃O)Fe³⁺(SO₄)₂ and rhomboclase, (H₅O₂)Fe³⁺(SO₄)₂·2H₂O. The Canadian Mineralogist, 47 (3) 625-634 doi:10.3749/canmin.47.3.625

Pitman, K. M., Noe Dobrea, E. Z., Jamieson, C. S., Dalton, J. B., Abbey, W. J., Joseph, E. C. S. (2014) Reflectance spectroscopy and optical functions for hydrated Fe-sulfates. American Mineralogist, 99 (8) 1593-1603 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4730

Bolanz, R. (2014) The fate of As⁵⁺ during the thermal transformation of As-bearing rhomboclase to (H₃O)Fe(SO₄)₂. 92nd Annual Meeting of the DMG, Jena, Germany, September 21-24. [http://programmplaner.conventus.de/nc/dmg2014/?tx_coprogramm_pi1[programm]=333&tx_coprogramm_pi1[session]=64&tx_coprogramm_pi1[currentPage]=&tx_coprogramm_pi1[action]=programm&tx_coprogramm_pi1[controller]=Source&cHash=98aa4ec242a9518e851e5ddd5090696b]

Majzlan, Juraj; Grevel, Klaus-Dieter; Kiefer, Boris; Nielsen, Ulla Gro; Grube, Elisabeth; Dachs, Edgar; Benisek, Artur; White, Mary Anne; Johnson, Michel B. (2017) Thermodynamics and crystal chemistry of rhomboclase, (H₅O₂)Fe(SO₄)₂·2H₂O, and the phase (H₃O)Fe(SO₄)₂ and implications for acid mine drainage. American Mineralogist, 102 (3). 643-654 doi:10.2138/am-2017-5909

Localities for RhomboclaseHide

Showing 81 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the 👁 Image
symbol to view information about a locality. The 👁 Image
symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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Locality ListHide

👁 Image
- This locality has map coordinates listed. 👁 Image
- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. 👁 Image
- Good crystals or important locality for species. 👁 Image
- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.

Australia
Queensland City of Mount Isa Mount Isa ⓘ Mount Isa Mines	Sielecki (1988)
ⓘ Cloncurry Shire
Croydon Shire ⓘ Croydon Goldfield	Parbhakar-Fox et al. (2014)
Tasmania West Coast municipality Zeehan mining district ⓘ Granville mine (Granville East prospect)	R Bottrill
Austria
Styria Leibnitz District Leutschach an der Weinstraße ⓘ Spitzmühle quarry	Taucher (1997)
Bolivia
Oruro Cercado Province ⓘ Oruro	Wilson (2001)
ⓘ San José Mine	Wilson (2001)
Pantaleón Dalence Province Santa Fé mining district ⓘ Japo Mine (Negro Pabellón Mine)	Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018)
ⓘ Santa Fé Mine	Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018)
Brazil
Minas Gerais Ponte Nova ⓘ Ponte Nova alkaline massif	Souza et al. (2024)
Canada
Nova Scotia Cape Breton Co. ⓘ Sydney coalfield	Zodrow (1989)
Saskatchewan ⓘ Waldsea Lake	Greengrass et al. (1999)
Chile
Antofagasta Antofagasta Province Mejillones Mejillones peninsula ⓘ Barranca del Sulfato	identified by Gerhard Möhn
Sierra Gorda ⓘ Alcaparrosa Mine	Kampf +5 other references
ⓘ La Vendida Mine	Raman spectroscopy by Joy Desor
ⓘ Lastarria Volcanic Complex	Inostroza et al. (2020)
Arica y Parinacota Parinacota Province ⓘ Guallatiri volcano	Inostroza et al. (2020)
China
Xinjiang Hami Prefecture (Kumul Prefecture; Qumul Prefecture) Yizhou District ⓘ Hongshan Au-Cu deposit	Xu Ying-xia et al. (2006)
Costa Rica
Cartago Province Oreamuno Canton Irazú Volcano ⓘ Cueva Los Minerales	Ulloa et al. (2018)
Czech Republic
Karlovy Vary Region Karlovy Vary District ⓘ Jáchymov	Hloušek et al. (2002)
Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald Münstertal St Trudpert ⓘ Münstergrund Mine ?	Kleinander (2009)
Ortenaukreis Oberwolfach ⓘ Clara Mine	Walenta (1992)
Hesse Kassel Region Hersfeld-Rotenburg Nentershausen Süß Richelsdorf Smelter ⓘ Ore dumps	Weiß (1990)
ⓘ Richelsdorf mining district	Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)
Thuringia Greiz District Kauern ⓘ Lichtenberg Absetzer dump	Witzke et al. (1998)
Ronneburg ⓘ Lichtenberg open cast	Witzke et al. (1998)
Greece
Attica East Attica Lavreotiki ⓘ Lavrion Mining District	no description given yet] +1 other reference
Plaka Plaka Mines ⓘ Voltaite outcrop	Rieck et al. (2018)
South Aegean Thira Santorini Island Santorini Caldera ⓘ Nea Kameni Island	Balić-Žunić et al. (2016)
Hungary
Heves County Gyöngyös District Gyöngyösoroszi ⓘ Bányabérc adit	Farkas et al. (2009)
Veszprém County Tapolca District Lesenceistvánd ⓘ Scree Mine	Anthony et al. (2016)
Iceland
Northeastern Region Þingeyjarsveit Skútustaðahreppur Myvatn ⓘ Krafla Volcano	Carson (2015)
Námaskarð Geothermal Area ⓘ Hverir fumarole	Mineralogy and bulk geochemistry of a ...
Italy
Campania Metropolitan City of Naples Pozzuoli ⓘ Pisciarelli di Agnano	Italo Campostrini - Università degli ...
Piedmont Metropolitan City of Turin Tavagnasco ⓘ Tavagnasco Mines	Ciriotti et al. (2019)
Tuscany Livorno Province Capoliveri ⓘ Cape Calamita Mine	Göske et al. (1997)
Lucca Province Fabbriche di Vergemoli ⓘ Fornovolasco	Mauro (2020)
ⓘ Cava del Ferro (Bùgie mines; Trimpello)	Mauro D. (2016)
Lebanon
South Governorate Jezzine District ⓘ Bhanine Valley ?	Kruszewski (2019)
North Macedonia
Kavadarci Municipality Ržanovo ⓘ Allchar ?	Percival et al. (1994)
Peru
Arequipa Caylloma Province Chivay District ⓘ La Calera spring	Tyc et al. (2022)
ⓘ Paclla geyser	Tyc et al. (2022)
Pasco Pasco province Cerro de Pasco ⓘ Esperanza mine	Palache et al. (1951)
Poland
Silesian Voivodeship Rybnik County Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny ⓘ Dębieńsko Mine heap	Kruszewski (2013)
Wodzisław County Radlin ⓘ Marcel mine heap	Kruszewski (2012)
Rydułtowy ROW Ruch Rydułtowy Mine ⓘ Rydułtowy heap (Szarlota heap) ?	Kruszewski et al. (2020)
Portugal
Beja Aljustrel Aljustrel e Rio de Moinhos Aljustrel Mine ⓘ Algares deposit	Bobos +2 other references
Setúbal Grândola Azinheira dos Barros ⓘ Lousal Mine	Oliveira et al. (2024)
Romania
Hunedoara County Certeju de Sus Bocşa Mare ⓘ Coranda quarry (Coranda open pit; Certej project; Coranda-Hondol ore deposit; Hondol pit)	Apopei et al. (2014) +1 other reference
Maramureș County Băiuț ⓘ Breiner Mine (Brainer Mine; Breiner deposit)	A. Januszewska PXRD data / Januszewska et al. (in preparation)
Russia
Chelyabinsk Oblast ⓘ Chelyabinsk coal basin	Cesnokov et al. (1998)
Kemerovo Oblast ⓘ Berikul gold mine	Gas’kova et al. (2008)
Slovakia (TL)
Košice Region Gelnica District ⓘ Smolník (TL)	Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference
Spain
Andalusia Huelva Alosno Tharsis ⓘ Tharsis Mines	Valente et al. (2013)
ⓘ Esperanza	Valente et al. (2013)
ⓘ Filón Sur open pit (Filón Sur Mine)	Valente et al. (2013)
Minas de Riotinto ⓘ Rio Tinto Mines	MinMag 67 (2)
ⓘ Alfredo pit	Calvo (1999)
Nerva ⓘ Peña del Hierro Mine	Romero et al. (2006) +1 other reference
Sweden
Stockholm County Stockholm ⓘ Vasa Museum	The Sulfur Problem. Proceedings 8th ... +1 other reference
Switzerland
Valais Sierre Anniviers Saint-Luc ⓘ Forêt du Rochet	Stalder et al. (1998)
Tajikistan
Sughd Ayni District Fan-Jagnob coal deposit ⓘ Kukhi-Malik tract	PXRD (Lukasz Kruszewski)
Ukraine
Donetsk Oblast Gorlovka ⓘ Nikitovka Hg deposit (Nikitovka ore field)	Zanin et al. (2009)
USA
Arizona Cochise County ⓘ Bisbee	Anthony et al. (1995)
Calumet and Arizona group of claims ⓘ Junction Mine	Grant et al. (2005)
ⓘ Campbell Mine	Grant et al. (2005)
Queen Hill ⓘ Copper Queen Mine	Merwin et al. (1937) +3 other references
ⓘ Czar Mine	Graeme (1981)
Pinal County Superior ⓘ Magma Mine	Anthony et al. (1995) +1 other reference
California Inyo County Coso Hot Springs ⓘ Coso Hot Springs deposit
Shasta County Klamath Mountains West Shasta Copper - Zinc Mining District Iron Mountain [town] Iron Mountain ⓘ Iron Mountain Mine (Number 8; Confidence; Old Mine)	King et al. (1991) +3 other references
ⓘ Richmond ore body	Jamieson et al. (2005)
Georgia Lincoln County ⓘ Graves Mountain	Collected by Julian Gray 21 September ...
Nevada Lander County Lewis Mining District ⓘ Dean Mine (Cumberland mine)	Castor et al. (2004)
Utah Juab County East Tintic Mountains ⓘ Tintic Mining District	Bullock (1981)
San Juan County Red Canyon Mining District ⓘ Blue Lizard Mine	Plášil et al. (2013)
Utah County East Tintic Mountains ⓘ East Tintic Mining District	Bullock (1981)
Virginia Louisa County ⓘ Gold-Pyrite Belt	Dietrich (1990)
Lake Anna ⓘ Contrary Creek	Dietrich (1990)
Rockbridge County Lyndhurst-Vesuvius Mining District ⓘ Kelly Bank mine	Dietrich (1990)
Mars
Aeolis quadrangle Gusev Crater Columbia Hills Home Plate ⓘ Tyrone target ?	Johnson et al. (2007) +1 other reference

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