| 成句・複合語： |
| 英語 | 日本語 |
| be accompanied by [sb/sth] v expr | (go in company with) | ～をつれて、～を同伴して、～を帯同して 動詞句
HHiragana～をつれて、～をどうはんして、～をたいどうして |
| be accompanied by [sth] v expr | (coexist with) | ～と共存する 動詞句
HHiragana～ときょうぞんする |
| along by prep | UK (along the length of, next to) | ～に沿って
HHiragana～にそって |
at [sb]'s hands,
at [sb]'s hand,
by [sb]'s hands,
by [sb]'s hand prep | (because of) | ～の手によって、～におかげで、～のせいで 動詞句
HHiragana～のてによって、～におかげで、～のせいで |
| baptism by fire n | (difficult first experience, initiation) | 手荒な歓迎 名
HHiraganaてあらなかんげい |
| My first day as a math teacher was a baptism of fire. The pupils just wouldn't keep quiet ! |
baptism by fire,
baptism of fire n | figurative (soldier: first combat) (兵士) | 初めての戦闘経験 名
HHiraganaはじめてのせんとうけいけん |
| Bullets were flying all around and people were dying; it was truly a baptism by fire. |
| be bogged down in/by [sth] v expr | figurative (encumbered or oppressed) | ～に行き詰る、～に圧迫される 表
HHiragana～にいきづまる、～にあっぱくされる |
| The lawyer was bogged down in paper work. |
| 弁護士は書類作業に行き詰った。 |
| be followed by vtr | (precede, come before) | ～に先立つ、～に先行する 他動
HHiragana～にさきだつ、～にせんこうする |
| The calm is always followed by the storm. |
| be hit by a car v expr | (be knocked down) | 車にはねられる 動詞句
HHiraganaくるまにはねられる |
| Greg crossed the street without checking for traffic, and was consequently hit by a car. |
| be led by vtr | (be guided by) | ～に先導される 他動
HHiragana～にせんどうされる |
| I will be led by my doctor's advice. |
| be led by vtr | (be managed by) | （人）に先導［管理、煽動］される 他動
HHiragana（ひと）にせんどう［かんり、せんどう］される |
| The research project was led by a university professor. |
| be powered by vtr | (run or function on) | ～によって動く［機能する］ 他動
HHiragana～によってうごく［きのうする］ |
| Most cars are powered by petrol. |
| be tainted by [sth] v expr | figurative (experience: be spoiled by [sth]) (経験、比喩) | 台無しにされた 動詞句
HHiraganaだいなしにされた |
| My memories of the wedding are tainted by the argument that broke out at the reception. |
| be written by vtr | (have as author) (文章・曲など) | （人）によって著される［書かれる］ 他動
HHiragana（ひと）によってあらわされる［かかれる］ |
| The story was written by Edgar Allan Poe. |
| begin by doing [sth] vi + prep | (do first) | ～することから始める、まず～する
HHiragana～することからはじめる、まず～する |
| When learning a new recipe, it is best to begin by reading all the way through. |
| benumbed by [sth] adj + prep | literary (made numb by: cold, etc.) | ～にかじかんだ、～に痺れた 動詞句
HHiragana～にかじかんだ、～にしびれた |
| be beset by [sth] v expr | (surrounded by) | 包囲された、取り囲まれた 動詞句
HHiraganaほういされた、とりかこまれた |
| The farmhouse is beset by a dense forest. |
| be beset by [sth] v expr | figurative (assailed: by difficulties, doubts, etc.) | ～に悩む 自動
HHiragana～になやむ |
～に苦しむ 自動
HHiragana～にくるしむ |
| Joan was suddenly beset by doubts as to her brother's motives. |
besotted by [sb],
besotted with [sb] adj + prep | (infatuated) | ～にのぼせあがった 、 夢中になった 動詞句
HHiragana～にのぼせあがった 、 むちゅうになった |
| Gary is besotted by Evie and would do anything for her. |
| bit by bit adv | informal (gradually) (非形式的) | 少しずつ、小出しに 副
HHiraganaすこしずつ、こだしに |
| The baker adds the flour bit by bit, folding it into the mixture. |
| blow by [sb/sth] vi + prep | (be swept past) | ～で吹き飛ばされる 動詞句
HHiragana～でふきとばされる |
| blow-by-blow adj | informal (account: detailed) | 逐一の、詳細な 形
HHiraganaちくいちの、しょうさいな |
| The eyewitness gave a blow-by-blow description of the horrific event. |
| bothered by [sth] adj + prep | (concerned, troubled) | ～に困っている 動詞句
HHiragana～にこまっている |
～に悩んでいる 動詞句
HHiragana～になやんでいる |
| I am bothered by the way he treats my daughter. |
| bound by [sth] adj + prep | figurative (legally obligated) (法律的に義務のある／比喩) | 縛られた 、 束縛された 動詞句
HHiraganaしばられた 、 そくばくされた |
| We are bound by the terms of the contract. |
| 私たちは契約条件に縛られている（or: 束縛されている）。 |
by a great deal,
by a good deal adv | (by a large amount or extent) | 非常に多くのものによって 副
HHiraganaひじょうにおおくのものによって |
| The Indian Ocean is smaller than the Pacific Ocean by a great deal. |
| by a hair adv | (by a very slight margin, only just) | 間一髪、すんでのところで 副
HHiraganaかんいっぱつ、すんでのところで |
| The truck missed the cyclist by a hair. |
| by a hair's breadth adv | (by the slightest margin) | 危機一髪で、間一髪で、紙一重で 副
HHiraganaききいっぱつで、かんいっぱつで、かみひとえで |
| The horse won by a hair's breadth. |
| by a majority adv | (by most people, by more than half) | 過半数によって、多数の人によって 副
HHiraganaかはんすうによって、たすうのひとによって |
| They were able to pass their laws by a majority vote of 51 to 49. |
| by a narrow margin expr | (by a very small number or amount) | 少しの差で、すれすれで 連用句
HHiraganaすこしのさで、すれすれで |
| He was elected president by a narrow margin. |
| by a show of hands adv | (with an impromptu vote) | 挙手で 副
HHiraganaきょしゅで |
| Our class decided to continue reading the novel by a show of hands. |
| by accident adv | (mistakenly, not intentionally) | 誤って、間違って 動詞句
HHiraganaあやまって、まちがって |
| I spilt some coffee on the carpet by accident. |
| by air adv | (via aeroplane) | 航空便で 副
HHiraganaこうくうびんで |
飛行機で 副
HHiraganaひこうきで |
| Did you send the package by air? |
| by air adv | (through the atmosphere) | 大気中で 副
HHiraganaたいきちゅうで |
| by airmail adv | (postal delivery: via plane) | エアメールで、航空便で 副
HHiraganaえあめーるで、こうくうびんで |
| All letters from the U.S. to Africa go by airmail these days; surface mail isn't available. |
| by all accounts adv | (according to everyone) | 聞くところによると、聞いた話では
HHiraganaきくところによると、きいたはなしでは |
| I'm sorry I never met Mr Greene. By all accounts, he was a lovely man. |
| by all means adv | (of course, certainly) | 是非、是非とも、もちろん 副
HHiraganaぜひ、ぜひとも、もちろん |
| "Can I borrow your pen for a moment?" "By all means!" |
| by and by adv | (in a while) | まもなく、やがて 副
HHiraganaまもなく、やがて |
| by and by adv | (eventually) | しばらくして 副
HHiraganaしばらくして |
| Be patient! I'll get around to it by and by. |
| by and large adv | (in general, on the whole) | 全体的に、全般的に 副
HHiraganaぜんたいてきに、ぜんぱんてきに |
冷静になる、落ち着く 自動
HHiraganaれいせいになる、おちつく |
| (熱意など) | 冷める 自動
HHiraganaさめる |
| Not everything about my job is good, but by and large, I enjoy it. |
| by any chance adv | (possibly) | もしかして 副
HHiraganaもしかして |
| Would you by any chance be able to lend me $10? |
| by any means adv | (in any way, via any method) | 何が何でも、どうしても、なんとしても 副
HHiraganaなにがなんでも、どうしても、なんとしても |
| by any standard adv | (by no matter what measure) | どう見ても、どう考えても
HHiraganaどうみても、どうかんがえても |
| by birth adv | (through natural talent) | 生来の、生まれつきの、生まれながらの 連体句
HHiraganaせいらいの、うまれつきの、うまれながらの |
| He was an artist by birth. |
| by birth adv | (through one's family) | 生まれながらに 連用句
HHiraganaうまれながらに |
| The U.S. Constitution requires the president to be American by birth, not a naturalized citizen. |
| by bus adv | (travel or transport: on a bus) | バスで 連用句
HHiraganaばすで |
| Amy usually travels to work by bus. |
| by car adv | (via motor vehicle) | 車で 副
HHiraganaくるまで |
| By car, you could get from Lansing to Detroit in about two hours. |
| by chance adv | (coincidentally) | たまたま、偶然 副
HHiraganaたまたま、ぐうぜん |
| I met my French teacher by chance in the supermarket. |
| by choice adv | (willingly, of one's free will) | 自ら進んで、好んで 副
HHiraganaみずからすすんで、このんで |
| I did not exactly retire by choice. |
| by command adv | (by giving orders) | 命令によって 副
HHiraganaめいれいによって |
| by common consent adv | (with everyone's agreement) | 満場一致で 副
HHiraganaまんじょういっちで |
| by comparison adv | (when compared) | 比較して、比べると 副
HHiraganaひかくして、くらべると |
| by comparison with expr | (compared with, relative to) | ～と比べると 表
HHiragana～とくらべると |
| by consensus adv | (by general agreement) | 全会一致で 副
HHiraganaぜんかいいっちで |
| Quakers make their decisions by consensus, not by compromise. |
| by contrast adv | (on the other hand) | 一方で、逆に、対照的に 副
HHiraganaいっぽうで、ぎゃくに、たいしょうてきに |
| I'm always late but you, by contrast, are always on time. |
| by default adv | (not actively or purposefully) | なんとはなしに、なりゆきで 連体句
HHiraganaなんとはなしに、なりゆきで |
| Jenny hadn't ever given much thought to her career and had ended up as a secretary by default. |
| by default adv | (sports: due to non-participation) | 不戦勝で 連用句
HHiraganaふせんしょうで |
| When his opponent pulled out of the match, Barry won by default. |
| by dint of [sth] prep | dated (by means of: work, effort) | 〜のおかげで 連用句
HHiragana〜のおかげで |
| By dint of brilliant organization, we were able to depart on time. |
| by doing adv | informal (by practising, on the job) | することで、慣れで 副
HHiraganaすることで、なれで |
| I've never been great at tests and exams: learn best by doing. |
| by extension adv | (in a more general sense) | 更には、それのみか 副
HHiraganaさらには、それのみか |
| Calling me a dumb blonde insults me and, by extension, insults all women with blonde hair. |
| by far adv | (by a large margin) | 圧倒的に、ダントツで 形
HHiraganaあっとうてきに、だんとつで |
| The U.S. is, by far, the largest producer of corn in the world. |
| by force adv | (using physical strength, violence) | 力ずくで、武力で、暴力で 副
HHiraganaちからずくで、ぶりょくで、ぼうりょくで |
| Soldiers generally operate by force. |
| by freight adv | (via cargo transport) | 普通貨物便で 副
HHiraganaふつうかもつびんで |
| by half adv | (by 50 per cent) | 半分だけ 副
HHiraganaはんぶんだけ |
| Since I retired my income is down by half. |
| by half adv | informal (by a great deal) | 非常に 副
HHiraganaひじょうに |
| by hand adv | (manually, not by machine) | 手で、手製で 副
HHiraganaてで、てせいで |
| You can see that these tools were made by hand. |
| by heart adv | (from memory) | 暗記して 副
HHiraganaあんきして |
| I learnt the sonnet by heart. |
| by hook or by crook adv | figurative (by any means necessary) | どんな手段を使ってでも、何が何でも
HHiraganaどんなしゅだんをつかってでも、なにがなんでも |
| by implication adv | (following from [sth]) | 帰結として 副
HHiraganaきけつとして |
by installments (US),
by instalments (UK) adv | (a bit at a time) (支払いなど) | 分割で 連用句
HHiraganaぶんかつで |
| I'm paying for my saxophone by installments of $50 each month. |
| by instinct adv | (intuitively) | 本能的に 形
HHiraganaほんのうてきに |
| I knew by instinct that she was lying, but I didn't say anything. |
| by instinct adv | (following innate guide) | 本能で 連用句
HHiraganaほんのうで |
| Birds fly south by instinct. |
| by intuition adv | (instinctively) | 勘で、直観的に 副
HHiraganaかんで、ちょっかんてきに |
| I knew by intuition that he was a good person. |
| by itself adv | (on its own) | それだけで、単独で、自然に 副
HHiraganaそれだけで、たんどくで、しぜんに |
| I think I'll wear this dress by itself, without its matching jacket. |
| by itself adv | (without adornment) | それだけで、そのままで、単独で 連用句
HHiraganaそれだけで、そのままで、たんどくで |
| Does the dress look good by itself, or should I put on gold beads? |
| By Jove! interj | dated (amazement) | まったくもう！ 間投
HHiraganaまったくもう！ |
| By Jove! I thought I'd never see you again. |
| by land adv | (via land transport) | 陸路で 副
HHiraganaりくろで |
| We can either take the ferry across Lake Michigan, or go by land via Chicago. |
| by law adv | (legally) | 法により、法律で 連用句
HHiraganaほうにより、ほうりつで |
| By law, in England, the minimum age for buying alcoholic beverages is eighteen. |
by leaps and bounds,
in leaps and bounds expr | (rapidly) | 急に、飛躍的に 形 |
| The city has grown by leaps and bounds--the population has doubled in the last ten years. |
| by mail adv | (via postal service) | 郵便で 副
HHiraganaゆうびんで |
| It seems like sending a letter by mail is a sweet old-fashioned thing to do. |
| by mail adv | informal (via e-mail) | Eメールで 副
HHiraganaいーめーるで |
| by marriage adv | (through the family of one's spouse) | 結婚による、婚姻による 副
HHiraganaけっこんによる、こんいんによる |
| He is my uncle by marriage, certainly not by choice. |
| by means of [sth] prep | (via) | ～を用いて、～によって 動詞句
HHiragana～をもちいて、～によって |
| The artist has depicted the light falling on the objects by means of crosshatching. |
| by miles adv | figurative, informal (to a great degree) (口語) | ずっと、かなり 副
HHiraganaずっと、かなり |
断然 副
HHiraganaだんぜん |
| Homemade spaghetti sauce tastes better than store-bought by miles! |
| by mistake adv | (accidentally, not on purpose) | 誤って、手違いで 副
HHiraganaあやまって、てちがいで |
| By mistake, I gave him your phone number instead of mine! |
| by night adv | (at night-time) | 夜に、夜間に 副
HHiraganaよるに、やかんに |
| The solders staged a surprise attack by night. |
| by no means adv | (not at all, not in any way) | 全く、全然、決して 副
HHiraganaまったく、ぜんぜん、けっして |
| This handbag costs £300, but it's by no means the most expensive one in the shop. |
| by now adv | (at some point before this moment) | 今までに、そろそろ、今ごろまでには 副
HHiraganaいままでに、そろそろ、いまごろまでには |
| My guests should have been here by now, dinner is getting cold. |
| by post adv | (through the mail) | 郵便で 副
HHiraganaゆうびんで |
| Can you either fax it to me or send it by post? |
| by rail adv | (via train) | 列車で、鉄道で 副
HHiraganaれっしゃで、てつどうで |
| Freight is moved either by truck or by rail. |
| by reason of expr | (because of) | ～という理由で、～のために 連用句
HHiragana～というりゆうで、～のために |
| Sarah was found innocent by reason of insanity. |
| by reflex adv | (instinctively) | 反射的に
HHiraganaはんしゃてきに |
| If you see something flying toward your face, your eyes usually shut by reflex. |
by request,
on request adv | (in response to a request) | 要望で、要求によって 副
HHiraganaようぼうで、ようきゅうによって |
| By popular request, Susan sang an encore. |
| by sea adv | (via boat or ship) | 海路で、船で 副
HHiraganaかいろで、ふねで |
| I hate travelling by sea because I get seasick easily. |
| by sight adv | (visually) | 見ることによって、目によって 副
HHiraganaみることによって、めによって |
| I don't know him personally, only by sight. |
| by telephone adv | slightly formal (by means of a phone call) | 電話で 副
HHiraganaでんわで |
| I've tried reaching him by telephone, but since no one picks up, I'm going over there to see him. |
| by that time adv | (in the past) | それまで、その時まで 副
HHiraganaそれまで、そのときまで |
| My wife got home at midnight. By that time, I had already been asleep for an hour. |
| by that time adv | (in the future) | それまでに、その時までに 副
HHiraganaそれまでに、そのときまでに |
| Where will you be in 50 years? By that time, I will be an old man! |
| by the book adv | figurative (according to rules) | 型通りに 副
HHiraganaかたどおりに |
| My boss likes to do things by the book. |
