The sedimentary rock layers of Badlands National Park were deposited during the late Cretaceous Period (67 to 75 million years ago) throughout the Late Eocene (34 to 37 million years ago) and Oligocene Epochs (26 to 34 million years ago). Known for fossil mammals and bare terrain formed by erosion.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List

ⓘ Quartz

ⓘ var. Chalcedony

1 valid mineral.

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

Description: Small geodes & Rattlestones

References:

Carl R. Swartzlow and Robert F. Upton (1962) BADLANDS National Park • South Dakota. National Park Service Natural History Handbook Series No. 2 Washington, D.C. 1954 Revised 1962

ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony

Formula: SiO₂

References:

Carl R. Swartzlow and Robert F. Upton (1962) BADLANDS National Park • South Dakota. National Park Service Natural History Handbook Series No. 2 Washington, D.C. 1954 Revised 1962

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Quartz var. Chalcedony	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	4.DA.05	SiO₂

List of minerals for each chemical element

O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂

Fossils

There are 10 fossil localities from the PaleoBioDB database within this region.

These data are provided on an experimental basis and are taken from external databases. Mindat.org has no control currently over the accuracy of these data.

Occurrences

211

Youngest Fossil Listed

23.0 Ma (Miocene)

Oldest Fossil Listed

83.6 Ma (Late/Upper Cretaceous)

Stratigraphic Units

Click here to view 11 stratigraphic units.

Fossils from Region

Click here to show the list.

Accepted Name	Hierarchy	Age
👁 Image Carnivora order	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Stylemys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : *Stylemys*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Peltosaurus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Anguidae : *Peltosaurus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Didelphidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Didelphimorphia : Didelphidae	33.9 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Leptictidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pilosa : Leptictidae	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Domnina genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Soricomorpha : Soricidae : *Domnina*	33.9 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hyaenodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodontidae : *Hyaenodon*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Palaeogale genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Odobenidae : *Palaeogale*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Nimravidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Nimravidae	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Dinictis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Nimravidae : *Dinictis*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hoplophoneus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Nimravidae : *Hoplophoneus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Mustelavus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Procyonidae : *Pseudobassaris*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hesperocyon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : *Hesperocyon*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Daphoenus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Amphicyonidae : *Daphoenus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Epeiromys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Aplodontiidae : *Epeiromys*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Heliscomys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Geomyidae : *Heliscomys*	33.9 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Ischyromys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Ischyromyidae : *Ischyromys*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Pelycomys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Allomyidae : *Pelycomys*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Aplodontidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Aplodontidae	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Oligospermophilus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Sciuridae : *Oligospermophilus*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Castoridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Castoridae	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Agnotocastor genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Castoridae : *Agnotocastor*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Eutypomyidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Eutypomyidae	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Eutypomys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Eutypomyidae : *Eutypomys*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Geomyoidea superfamily	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Geomyoidea	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Eomyidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Eomyidae	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Adjidaumo genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Eomyidae : *Eomys*	33.9 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Paradjidaumo genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Eomyidae : *Paradjidaumo*	33.9 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Eumys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : *Eumys*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Leidymys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : *Leidymys*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Scottimus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : *Scottimus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Megalagus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha : Leporidae : *Megalagus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Palaeolagus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha : Leporidae : *Palaeolagus*	33.9 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Archaeotherium genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Entelodontidae : *Archaeotherium*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Leptochoeridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Leptochoeridae	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Tayassuidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Tayassuidae	33.9 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Merycoidodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Merycoidodontidae : *Merycoidodon*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Poebrotherium genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Camelidae : *Poebrotherium*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Protoceras genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Protoceratidae : *Protoceras*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hypertragulidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hypertragulidae	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Leptomeryx genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Leptomerycidae : *Leptomeryx*	33.9 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Equidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Mesohippus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Mesohippus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hyracodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Hyracodontidae : *Hyracodon*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Subhyracodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae : *Subhyracodon*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Agnotocastor praetereadens species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Castoridae : Agnotocastor : *Agnotocastor praetereadens*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Agriochoerus antiquus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Anoplotheriidae : Agriochoerus : *Agriochoerus antiquus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Archaeotherium mortoni species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Entelodontidae : Archaeotherium : *Archaeotherium mortoni*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hesperocyon gregarius species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Hesperocyon : *Hesperocyon gregarius*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Daphoenus hartshornianus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Amphicyonidae : Daphoenus : *Daphoenus hartshornianus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Mesocyon temnodon species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Mesocyon : *Mesocyon temnodon*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Daphoenus vetus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Amphicyonidae : Daphoenus : *Daphoenus vetus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Dinictis felina species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Nimravidae : Dinictis : *Dinictis felina*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Leidymys blacki species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Cricetidae : Leidymys : *Leidymys blacki*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Eumys brachyodus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : Eumys : *Eumys brachyodus*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Eumys elegans species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Cricetidae : Eumys : *Eumys elegans*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Scottimus exiguus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Cricetidae : Scottimus : *Scottimus exiguus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Eusmilus sicarius species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Nimravidae : Eusmilus : *Eusmilus sicarius*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Eutypomys thomsoni species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Eutypomyidae : Eutypomys : *Eutypomys thomsoni*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Centetodon wolffi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lipotyphla : Geolabididae : Centetodon : *Centetodon wolffi*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Paradjidaumo trilophus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Eomyidae : Paradjidaumo : *Paradjidaumo trilophus*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Centetodon marginalis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lipotyphla : Geolabididae : Centetodon : *Centetodon marginalis*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hoplophoneus mentalis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Nimravidae : Hoplophoneus : *Hoplophoneus mentalis*	37.2 - 33.9 Ma Paleogene
👁 Image Hyaenodon crucians species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodontidae : Hyaenodon : *Hyaenodon crucians*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hyaenodon horridus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodontidae : Hyaenodon : *Hyaenodon horridus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Leptictis dakotensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Leptictidae : Leptictis : *Leptictis dakotensis*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Ischyromys typus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Ischyromyidae : Ischyromys : *Ischyromys typus*	33.9 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hypertragulus calcaratus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hypertragulidae : Hypertragulus : *Hypertragulus calcaratus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Leptauchenia decora species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Merycoidodontidae : Leptauchenia : *Leptauchenia decora*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Leptauchenia major species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Merycoidodontidae : Leptauchenia : *Leptauchenia major*	33.3 - 26.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hypisodus minimus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hypisodontidae : Hypisodus : *Hypisodus minimus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Stibarus quadricuspis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Leptochoeridae : Stibarus : *Stibarus quadricuspis*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Leptomeryx evansi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Leptomerycidae : Leptomeryx : *Leptomeryx evansi*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Colodon occidentalis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Colodon : *Colodon occidentalis*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hoplophoneus primaevus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Nimravidae : Hoplophoneus : *Hoplophoneus primaevus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Merycoides pariogonus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Merycoidodontidae : Merycoides : *Merycoides pariogonus*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Merycoidodon (Merycoidodon) culbertsoni species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Merycoidodontidae : Merycoidodon : *Merycoidodon (Merycoidodon) culbertsoni*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Miniochoerus starkensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Merycoidodontidae : Miniochoerus : *Miniochoerus starkensis*	33.9 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Miniochoerus affinis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Merycoidodontidae : Miniochoerus : *Miniochoerus affinis*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Merycoidodon (Otarohyus) bullatus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Merycoidodontidae : Merycoidodon : *Merycoidodon (Otarohyus) bullatus*	33.9 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Miniochoerus gracilis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Merycoidodontidae : Miniochoerus : *Miniochoerus gracilis*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Merycoidodon (Otarohyus) major species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Merycoidodontidae : Merycoidodon : *Merycoidodon (Otarohyus) major*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Otarocyon macdonaldi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Otarocyon : *Otarocyon macdonaldi*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Paciculus nebraskensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : Paciculus : *Paciculus nebraskensis*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Palaeolagus burkei species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha : Leporidae : Palaeolagus : *Palaeolagus burkei*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Palaeolagus haydeni species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha : Leporidae : Palaeolagus : *Palaeolagus haydeni*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Megalagus turgidus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha : Leporidae : Megalagus : *Megalagus turgidus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Mesohippus bairdi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Mesohippus : *Mesohippus bairdi*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Altasciurus relictus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Aplodontidae : Altasciurus : *Altasciurus relictus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Poebrotherium wilsoni species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Camelidae : Poebrotherium : *Poebrotherium wilsoni*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Proscalops tertius species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proscalopidae : Proscalops : *Proscalops tertius*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Campestrallomys dawsonae species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Aplodontidae : Campestrallomys : *Campestrallomys dawsonae*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Archaeocyon pavidus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Archaeocyon : *Archaeocyon pavidus*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hyracodon nebraskensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Hyracodontidae : Hyracodon : *Hyracodon nebraskensis*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Subhyracodon occidentalis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae : Subhyracodon : *Subhyracodon occidentalis*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Scottimus lophatus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : Scottimus : *Scottimus lophatus*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Pteranodon longiceps species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Pterosauria : Pteranodontidae : Pteranodon : *Pteranodon longiceps*	83.5 - 70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
👁 Image Celtis genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Rosales : Cannabaceae : *Celtis*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Talpidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lipotyphla : Talpidae	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Artiodactyla order	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Bathornis celeripes species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Bathornithidae : Bathornis : *Bathornis celeripes*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Bathornis veredus species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Bathornithidae : Bathornis : *Bathornis veredus*	37.2 - 33.9 Ma Paleogene
👁 Image Boochoerus angustus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Entelodontidae : Boochoerus : *Boochoerus angustus*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
👁 Image Peltosaurus granulosus species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Anguidae : Peltosaurus : *Peltosaurus granulosus*	33.9 - 33.3 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Stylemys nebrascensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : Stylemys : *Stylemys nebrascensis*	33.9 - 28.1 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Proscalopinae subfamily	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lipotyphla : Talpidae : Proscalopinae	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Protostega marshii species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Protostegidae : Protostega : *Protostega marshii*	83.6 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
👁 Image Proharrymys wahlerti species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Heteromyidae : Proharrymys : *Proharrymys wahlerti*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Disallomys robustus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Aplodontiidae : Disallomys : *Disallomys robustus*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Douglassciurus bjorki species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Sciuravidae : Douglassciurus : *Douglassciurus bjorki*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Hesperopetes jamesi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Sciuridae : Hesperopetes : *Hesperopetes jamesi*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Palaeocastor wahlerti species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Castoridae : Palaeocastor : *Palaeocastor wahlerti*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Kirkomys martintau species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Florentiamyidae : Kirkomys : *Kirkomys martintau*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Leidymys juxtaparvulus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : Leidymys : *Leidymys juxtaparvulus*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene
👁 Image Paciculus cedrus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : Paciculus : *Paciculus cedrus*	33.3 - 30.8 Ma Oligocene

Fossil Localities

Click to show 10 fossil localities

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

North AmericaContinent

North America PlateTectonic Plate

Trans-Hudson OrogenOrogenic Belt
Wyoming DomainDomain
Yavapai TerraneVolcanic Arc

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

Carl R. Swartzlow and Robert F. Upton (1962) BADLANDS National Park • South Dakota. National Park Service Natural History Handbook Series No. 2 Washington, D.C. 1954 Revised 1962

www.nps.gov (n.d.) https://www.nps.gov/badl/index.htm

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