Named in 1945 by Paul F. Kerr in honour of Johannes Franciscus Vaes (1902 - 1978), administrator, geologist, and mineralogist with the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga, in the Belgian Congo, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Kasompi Mine, Mutshatsha, Lualaba, DR Congo

Isostructural with:

Cattierite

Pyrite-Vaesite Series; Cattierite-Vaesite Series.
The nickel analogue of pyrite and cattierite.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

4133

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:4133:7

Similar NamesHide

Fassaite	A variety of Augite	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)[(Si,Al)₂O₆]
Viséite	A variety of Crandallite

IMA Classification of VaesiteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

First published:

1945

Type description reference:

Kerr, Paul F. (1945) Cattierite and vaesite: New Co-Ni minerals from the Belgian Congo. American Mineralogist, 30 (7-8) 483-497

Classification of VaesiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

2.EB.05a

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.

Dana 8th ed.:

2.12.1.2

2 : SULFIDES
12 : A_mB_nX_p, with (m+n):p = 1:2

Hey's CIM Ref.:

3.11.5

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Va	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Va	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of VaesiteHide

Lustre:

Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Black, silver-gray

Streak:

Black

Hardness:

4½ - 5½ on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₁₀₀=743 - 837 kg/mm² - Vickers

Cleavage:

Distinct/Good
{001}

Density:

4.45 g/cm³ (Measured) 4.47 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of VaesiteHide

Reflectivity:

Wavelength	R₁ (%)
400nm	34.2%
420nm	33.6%
440nm	33.2%
460nm	32.8%
480nm	32.4%
500nm	32.2%
520nm	32.0%
540nm	31.8%
560nm	31.8%
580nm	31.8%
600nm	32.0%
620nm	32.0%
640nm	32.1%
660nm	32.3%
680nm	32.6%
700nm	32.9%

Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 34.2%.

Colour in reflected light:

pale violet-gray

Chemistry of VaesiteHide

Mindat Formula:

NiS₂

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
S	52.213 %
Ni	47.787 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Ni, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Co,Fe

Crystallography of VaesiteHide

Crystal System:

Isometric

Class (H-M):

m3(2/m3) - Diploidal

Space Group:

Pa3

Setting:

Pa3

Cell Parameters:

a = 5.66787(8) Å

Unit Cell V:

182.08 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0011917	Vaesite	Furuseth S, Kjekshus A, Andresen A F (1969) On the magnetic properties of CoSe2, NiS2, and NiSe2 Acta Chemica Scandinavica 23 2325-2334	1969	synthetic	0	293
0009853	Vaesite	Nowack E, Schwarzenbach D, Hahn T (1991) Charge densities in CoS2 and NiS2 (pyrite structure) Acta Crystallographica B47 650-659	👁 Image	1991	synthetic	0	135
0010990	Vaesite	Nowack E, Schwarzenbach D, Gonschorek W, Hahn T (1989) Deformationsdichten in CoS2 und NiS2 mit pyritstruktur Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 186 213-215	👁 Image	1989	0	295
0010989	Vaesite	Nowack E, Schwarzenbach D, Gonschorek W, Hahn T (1989) Deformationsdichten in CoS2 und NiS2 mit pyritstruktur Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 186 213-215	👁 Image	1989	0	145

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.83 Å	(100)
1.707 Å	(80)
1.091 Å	(60)
2.00 Å	(50)
2.54 Å	(40)
2.32 Å	(40)
1.003 Å	(40)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere	>4.45
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33)

Type Occurrence of VaesiteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Kasompi Mine, Mutshatsha, Lualaba, DR Congo

Reference:

Kerr, Paul F. (1945) Cattierite and vaesite: New Co-Ni minerals from the Belgian Congo. American Mineralogist, 30 (7-8) 483-497

Other Language Names for VaesiteHide

Dutch:Vaesiet

German:Vaesit

Russian:Ваэсит

Simplified Chinese:方硫镍矿
二硫镍矿

Spanish:Vaesita

Varieties of VaesiteHide

Seleniovaesit

Relationship of Vaesite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Pyrite Group

Other Members of Pyrite Group:

Aurostibite	AuSb₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Cattierite	CoS₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Dzharkenite	FeSe₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Erlichmanite	OsS₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Fukuchilite	Cu₃FeS₈	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Gaotaiite	Ir₃Te₈	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Geversite	PtSb₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Hauerite	MnS₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Insizwaite	PtBi₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Kruťaite	CuSe₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Laurite	RuS₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Penroseite	(Ni,Co,Cu)Se₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Pyrite	FeS₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Sperrylite	PtAs₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Trogtalite	CoSe₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
Villamanínite	(Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S₂	Tric.

Forms a series with:

Cattierite	Cattierite-Vaesite Series
Pyrite	Pyrite-Vaesite Series

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

22 photos of Vaesite associated with Millerite	NiS
21 photos of Vaesite associated with Pyrite	FeS₂
17 photos of Vaesite associated with Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
15 photos of Vaesite associated with Kruťaite	CuSe₂
14 photos of Vaesite associated with Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
11 photos of Vaesite associated with Calcite	CaCO₃
10 photos of Vaesite associated with Nickeline	NiAs
9 photos of Vaesite associated with Clausthalite	PbSe
9 photos of Vaesite associated with Cattierite	CoS₂
8 photos of Vaesite associated with Uraninite	UO₂

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

2.EB.	Selenolaurite	RuSe₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.	Andrieslombaardite	RhSbS	Iso. 23 : P2₁3
2.EB.	Iridarsenite	(Ir,Ru)As₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.EB.	Kanatzidisite	(SbBiS₃)₂Te₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
2.EB.05a	Hauerite	MnS₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Laurite	RuS₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Gaotaiite	Ir₃Te₈	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Penroseite	(Ni,Co,Cu)Se₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Fukuchilite	Cu₃FeS₈	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Villamanínite	(Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S₂	Tric.
2.EB.05a	Erlichmanite	OsS₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Sperrylite	PtAs₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Geversite	PtSb₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Cattierite	CoS₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Aurostibite	AuSb₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Trogtalite	CoSe₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a v	'Cayeuxite'
2.EB.05a	Kruťaite	CuSe₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Pyrite	FeS₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Insizwaite	PtBi₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.05b	Bambollaite	Cu(Se,Te)₂	Tet.
2.EB.05a	Dzharkenite	FeSe₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.10a	Marcasite	FeS₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10e	Paracostibite	CoSbS	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
2.EB.10f	Oenite	CoSbAs	Orth.
2.EB.10e	Pararammelsbergite	NiAs₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
2.EB.10a	Mattagamite	CoTe₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10a	Frohbergite	FeTe₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10d	Costibite	CoSbS	Orth. mm2 : Pmn2₁
2.EB.10b	Alloclasite	Co_1-xFe_xAsS	Mon. 2 : P2₁
2.EB.10c	Glaucodot	(Co_0.50Fe_0.50)AsS	Orth. mm2 : Pmn2₁
2.EB.10a	Petříčekite	CuSe₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10a	Kullerudite	NiSe₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10a	Ferroselite	FeSe₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15b	Seinäjokite	FeSb₂	Orth.
2.EB.15a	Rammelsbergite	NiAs₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15a	Clinosafflorite	CoAs₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
2.EB.15c	Paxite	CuAs₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.EB.15a	Nisbite	NiSb₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15a	Löllingite	FeAs₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15a	Safflorite	(Co,Ni,Fe)As₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15a	Omeiite	(Os,Ru)As₂	Orth.
2.EB.15a	Anduoite	(Ru,Os)As₂	Orth.
2.EB.20	Arsenopyrite	FeAsS	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.EB.20	Ruarsite	(Ru,Os)AsS	Mon.
2.EB.20	Osarsite	(Os,Ru)AsS	Mon.
2.EB.20	Gudmundite	FeSbS	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.EB.25	Mayingite	IrBiTe	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Maslovite	PtBiTe	Iso. 23 : P2₁3
2.EB.25	Paragersdorffite	Ni(As,S)₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Orthogersdorffite	NiAsS	Orth. mm2 : Pca2₁
2.EB.25	Sulfopadmaite	PdBiS	Iso. 23 : P2₁3
2.EB.25	Jolliffeite	NiAsSe	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Cobaltite	CoAsS	Orth. mm2 : Pca2₁
2.EB.25	Guixiangite	NiBiS	Iso. 23 : P2₁3
2.EB.25	Testibiopalladite	PdSbTe	Iso.
2.EB.25 va	'Antimony-bearing Gersdorffite'	Ni(As,Sb)S
2.EB.25	Kalungaite	PdAsSe	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Hollingworthite	(Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Michenerite	PdBiTe	Iso. 23 : P2₁3
2.EB.25	Gersdorffite	NiAsS	Iso. 23 : P2₁3
2.EB.25	Milotaite	PdSbSe	Iso. 23 : P2₁3
2.EB.25	Tolovkite	IrSbS	Iso.
2.EB.25	'Platarsite'	Pt(As,S)₂	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Willyamite	CoSbS
2.EB.25	Changchengite	IrBiS	Iso. 23 : P2₁3
2.EB.25	Kvačekite	NiSbSe	Iso. 23 : P2₁3
2.EB.25	Krutovite	NiAs₂	Iso. 23 : P2₁3
2.EB.25	Padmaite	PdBiSe	Iso. 432
2.EB.25	Ullmannite	NiSbS	Iso. 23 : P2₁3
2.EB.25	Irarsite	(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
2.EB.30	Urvantsevite	Pd(Bi,Pb)₂	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mmm
2.EB.35	Rheniite	ReS₂	Tric. 1 : P1

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for VaesiteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-4133.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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External Links:

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

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References for VaesiteHide

Reference List:

Kerr, Paul F. (1945) Cattierite and vaesite: New Co-Ni minerals from the Belgian Congo. American Mineralogist, 30 (7-8) 483-497

KULLERUD, G., YUND, R. A. (1962) The Ni-S System and Related Minerals. Journal of Petrology, 3 (1) 126-175 doi:10.1093/petrology/3.1.126

Park, WonC. (1967) Early diagenetic framboidal pyrite, bravoite and vaesite from the Cave-In-Rock fluorspar district, southern Illinois. Mineralium Deposita, 2 (4). 372-375 doi:10.1007/bf00207028

Lutz, H. D.; Willich, P. (1974) Gitterschwingungsspektren. IX. Pyritstruktur. FIR‐Spektren und Normalkoordinatenanalyse von MnS₂, FeS₂ und NiS₂. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 405 (2). 176-182 doi:10.1002/zaac.19744050207

Ostwald, J. (1980) Notes on a Co-Ni disulphide and a Co-Ni-Fe thiospinel from the Kalgoorlie district, Western Australia. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (331) 950-951 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.331.24

Nowack, E., Schwarzenbach, D., Gonschorek, W., Hahn, T. (1989) Deformationsdichten in CoS2 und NiS2 mit pyritstruktur. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 186: 213-216.

Nowack, E.; Schwarzenbach, D.; Hahn, Th. (1991) Charge densities in CoS₂ and NiS₂ (pyrite structure). Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 47 (5). 650-659 doi:10.1107/s0108768191004871

(2005) Vaesite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Gibbs, G. V., Downs, R. T., Prewitt, C. T., Rosso, K. M., Ross, N. L., Cox, D. F. (2005) Electron Density Distributions Calculated for the Nickel Sulfides Millerite, Vaesite, and Heazlewoodite and Nickel Metal: A Case for the Importance of Ni−Ni Bond Paths for Electron Transport. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109 (46). 21788-21795 doi:10.1021/jp054109a

Korinevsky, V. G. (2019) Vaesite (NiS2): the first finding in carbonatites. Vestnik of Institute of Geology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch RAS, 5. 13-19 doi:10.19110/2221-1381-2019-5-13-19

Ferreira, Helena M.; Lopes, Elsa B.; Malta, José F.; Ferreira, Luís M.; Casimiro, Maria H.; Santos, Luís; Pereira, Manuel F.C.; Pereira Gonçalves, Antonio (2019) Preparation, thermal stability and electrical transport properties of vaesite, NiS₂. PeerJ Materials Science, 1. e2 doi:10.7717/peerj-matsci.2

Localities for VaesiteHide

Showing 144 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the 👁 Image
symbol to view information about a locality. The 👁 Image
symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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Locality ListHide

👁 Image
- This locality has map coordinates listed. 👁 Image
- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. 👁 Image
- Good crystals or important locality for species. 👁 Image
- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.

Argentina
La Rioja Province Vinchina department Jagüé Sierra de Cumichango Quebrada de Cumichango ⓘ San Santiago mine	Anthony et al. (1990)
Australia
Western Australia Kalgoorlie-Boulder Shire ⓘ Black Swan Mine	Marston (1984) +2 other references
Kondinin Shire ⓘ Mount Hope prospect	Marston (1984)
Austria
Salzburg Tamsweg District Muhr ⓘ A10 Highway tunnel (Tauern tunnel) ?	Putz (2011)
Zell am See District Fusch an der Grossglocknerstrasse ⓘ Brennkogel north slope (Gold district)	Kolitsch et al. (2018)
Tyrol Kufstein District Reith im Alpbachtal St Gertraudi Großkogel (Reither Kogel) ⓘ Gertraud adit	Putz et al. (2007)
Azerbaijan
Republic of Artsakh Shahumyan Region Agyataq ⓘ Agyatag Hg deposit	Anthony et al. (1990)
Bolivia
Potosí Antonio Quijarro Province Porco Municipality ⓘ El Dragón mine	Günter Grundmann collection +2 other references
Brazil
Pará Canaã dos Carajás Sossego mine ⓘ Curral orebody	Monteiro et al. (2008)
ⓘ Sequeirinho pit	Monteiro et al. (2008)
Curionópolis ⓘ Cristalino Cu-Au deposit	Monteiro et al. (2008)
Bulgaria
Blagoevgrad Province Satovcha Municipality ⓘ Pletena	Bul. Acad. Sci. (1998)
Haskovo Province Madzharovo Municipality ⓘ Sveta Marina	Anthony et al. (1990)
Pazardzhik Province Panagyurishte Municipality Panagyurishte ⓘ Medet Mine	Strashimirov et al. (2002) +1 other reference
Sofia Province Etropole Municipality ⓘ Elatsite Mine	Georgiev (2008)
Canada
Ontario Cochrane District Timmins Kidd Township ⓘ Kidd Mine	Kidd Operations
Kenora District Kapkichi Lake Area ⓘ Thierry Mine	Can Mineral 1984 22: 13-21
Saskatchewan Athabasca Basin ⓘ Roughrider deposit	Boulanger (2012)
China
Gansu Gannan Luqu Co. ⓘ La'erma Au-Se deposit	Dequan Shuai and Xiaojiang Hu (1995) +1 other reference
Guizhou Zunyi Bozhou District Zunyi Ni-Mo-PGE-Au ore field ⓘ Huangjiawan Mine	Guangdi Zhang et al. (2002) +2 other references
ⓘ Tianeshan Mine (incl. Xintugou; Tuanshanbao)	Kao et al. (2001)
Hunan Chenzhou Suxian District ⓘ Jinyinzhai Mine (Chenxian Mine; Sanerlin Mine; U deposit No. 320)	Li et al. (2002)
Zhangjiajie Cili Co. ⓘ Dahu Ni-Mo-PGE deposit (Zhangjiajie Ni-Mo-PGE deposit)	Youyu Li et al. (1994)
Sichuan Ngawa Autonomous Prefecture (Aba Autonomous Prefecture) Zoigê Co. (Ruo'ergai Co.) ⓘ Qiongmo Au-Se deposit (Qiongme Au-Se deposit; Quongme Au-Se deposit)	Jiajun Liu et al. (2000)
Tibet Shannan Prefecture (Lhokha Prefecture; Lhoka Prefecture) Qusum Co. (Qusong Co.) ⓘ Luobusha ophiolite ("Luobusa ophiolite")	Wang et al. (2023)
Xinjiang Hami Prefecture (Kumul Prefecture; Qumul Prefecture) Yizhou District Huangshan-Jing'erquan ore belt ⓘ Huangshandong Cu-Ni-PGE deposit (Huangshan East Cu-Ni-PGE deposit)	Peiqing Hu et al. (2010)
Yunnan Pu'er Mojiang County ⓘ Jinchang Mine (Mojiang Mine; Yuanjiang gold mine)	Kaiji Yu (1981) +2 other references
Zhenyuan County Laowangzhai orefield Zhenyuan Mine ⓘ Laowangzhai Au deposit	Zhang et al. (2019)
Qujing Luoping County ⓘ Fule Pb-Zn deposit (Fulechang Pb-Zn deposit)	Li et al. (2018) +2 other references
Zhejiang Hangzhou Tonglu County ⓘ Dongxi P deposit	Huijin Lu and Jian Wang (2005)
Shaoxing Zhuji Co. ⓘ Jianglong P deposit	Huijin Lu and Jian Wang (2005)
ⓘ Shixiang P-U deposit	Huijin Lu and Jian Wang (2005)
Czech Republic
Karlovy Vary Region ⓘ Jáchymov ore district	Ondruš et al. (2003)
Liberec Region ⓘ North Bohemian Uranium District	Scharm +7 other references
DR Congo
Haut-Katanga Kambove Territory Shinkolobwe ⓘ Shinkolobwe Mine	304 [277]. +4 other references
ⓘ Swambo Hill	www-pub.iaea.org (2023)
Lualaba Mutshatsha ⓘ Kasompi Mine (TL)	Lhoest (1992)
Finland
Lapland Kittilä ⓘ Soretialehto	Geological Survey of Finland 2008 ... +1 other reference
North Ostrobothnia ⓘ Kuusamo	Vuorelainen et al. (1964) +1 other reference
ⓘ Kitka River Valley	Vuorelainen (1962)
France
New Caledonia Northern Province Canala ⓘ Bogota	Ramdohr (1967)
Occitanie Tarn Castres Mont-Roc ⓘ Mont-Roc Mine	Alain Tuel collection
Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Ortenaukreis Oberwolfach ⓘ Clara Mine	Walenta (1980) +1 other reference
Karlsruhe Region Rhein-Neckar-Kreis Weinheim Hohensachsen Kohlbach ⓘ Marie Mine	Nickel et al. (1985)
Hesse Kassel Region Hersfeld-Rotenburg Nentershausen ⓘ Münden Mine	Anthony et al. (1990)
Süß Richelsdorf Smelter ⓘ Ore dumps	Weiß (1990)
North Rhine-Westphalia Arnsberg Märkischer Kreis ⓘ Iserlohn	Anthony et al. (1990)
Siegen-Wittgenstein Burbach ⓘ Schöne Aussicht Mine	Henrich et al. (2019)
Cologne Aachen Stolberg Breinig ⓘ Breinigerberg Mine	Graf et al. (1990)
Mausbach ⓘ Diepenlinchen Mine	Aufschluss 90 (2)
ⓘ Henriette Shaft	Aufschluss 90 (2)
ⓘ Zufriedenheit Mine	Aufschluss 90 (2)
Euskirchen Mechernich ⓘ Mechernicher Bleiberg	Klemm et al. (1962)
Rhineland-Palatinate Donnersbergkreis Nordpfälzer Land Obermoschel ⓘ Landsberg	Krupp (1989)
Saxony-Anhalt Mansfeld-Südharz Südharz ⓘ Dietersdorf	Gröbner et al. (2011)
ⓘ Schächte Mine	Gröbner et al. (2011)
Saxony Erzgebirgskreis Marienberg Lauta ⓘ Vater Abraham Mine	Hajek (2010)
ⓘ Schneeberg	Lapis 30 (7/8)
Thuringia Greiz District Ronneburg ⓘ Schmirchau mine	Witzke et al. (1998)
Greece
Attica East Attica Lavreotiki Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza) Kamariza Mines (Kamareza Mines) ⓘ Clemence Mine	Voudouris et al. (2018)
ⓘ Jean Baptiste Mine	Kolitsch et al. (2015) +2 other references
Km 3 Km 3 mines ⓘ Km 3 open pit	Kolitsch et al. (2015) +1 other reference
Hungary
Baranya County Pécs District Kővágótöttös ⓘ Kővágószőlős Uranium Mine	Koch (1985)
India
Jharkhand East Singhbhum District Jadugora ⓘ Kudada	Sinha et al. (2018)
Ireland
Munster Tipperary County Moyne ⓘ Lisheen mine	Frenzel et al. (2025)
Italy
Emilia-Romagna Metropolitan City of Bologna Castel di Casio ⓘ Fosso del Lago	Pedroni et al. (1996)
Molino della Rovinaccia ⓘ Fosso del Lago	Dalrio (1980) +1 other reference
Gaggio Montano ⓘ Ca' dei Ladri (Silla)	De Michele (1974) +3 other references
Monterenzio San Clemente ⓘ Ca' Ottavia	Pedroni et al. (1996)
ⓘ Rio delle Ossa	Pedroni et al. (1996)
ⓘ Rio Poggioli	Pedroni et al. (1996)
ⓘ Stancalasse stream (Rio Stancalasse)	Pedroni et al. (1996)
ⓘ Sillaro Valley	- (n.d.)
Modena Province Frassinoro ⓘ Ca' de Giannasi ophiolite	Borghi et al. (1996)
Montese Castelluccio di Moscheda ⓘ Sasso delle Lucine	Calanchi et al. (1975) +2 other references
ⓘ Sasso dei Carli (Sasso dei Diamanti)	Pedroni et al. (1996)
Sestola Vesale ⓘ Rio Vesale	Pedroni et al. (1996)
Parma Province Varsi Lamberti ⓘ Rocca Predellara Quarry (Tosca Quarry)	Marco Poli Collection
Reggio Emilia Province Villa Minozzo ⓘ Case Zobbi	I minerali di varie ofioliti attorno a Villa Minozzo (RE)
Liguria Genoa ⓘ Rovegno	Marchesini et al. (2025)
ⓘ Pescia stream	Marchesini et al. (2025)
Lombardy Sondrio Province Lanzada ⓘ Bagnada-Ponticelli Mine (ex-Bolognini Mine; ex-Unitalc Mine)	Bedognè et al. (2006)
Sardinia South Sardinia Province Arburese ⓘ Southern Arburese ore deposits	doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference
ⓘ Arbus	Moroni et al. (2019)
Fluminimaggiore ⓘ Sa Menga Mine	doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference
Gonnosfanadiga ⓘ Riu Mesu Prospect (Riu 'e Mesu Prospect)	Stara et al. (1996)
ⓘ S'Acqua is Prunas Mine (Acqua is Prunas Mine)	doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference
Tuscany Grosseto Province ⓘ Santa Fiora	AGMT (Associazione Geomineralogica Toscana)
ⓘ Bagnore Mine (Le Bagnore Mine)	AGMT (Associazione Geomineralogica Toscana)
Livorno Province Livorno ⓘ Antignano ?	Ciampalini et al. (2010) +1 other reference
ⓘ Rio Ardenza (Rio Popogna) ?
Massa-Carrara Province ⓘ Carrara	Orlandi et al. (1994) +1 other reference
Miseglie quarrying basin (Miseglia-Fantiscritti quarrying basin; Fantiscritti quarrying basin) ⓘ Fantiscritti	Orlandi et al. (2009) +1 other reference
Torano quarrying basin ⓘ La Facciata Quarry	Orlandi et al. (1989) +1 other reference
Massa ⓘ Frigido Mine	Gregorio et al. (1979)
Metropolitan City of Florence Greve in Chianti Strada in Chianti ⓘ Meleto quarry	Bonechi M.
Japan
Akita Prefecture Kosaka ⓘ Kosaka mine	Kato (1973)
Gunma Prefecture Fujioka City ⓘ Tatarazawa	Hori +1 other reference
Mongolia
Bayan-Ölgii Province Tolbonur ore cluster ⓘ Sagsai Cu-Ag-Hg-Sb occurrence	Borisenko et al. (1999)
Morocco
Drâa-Tafilalet Region ⓘ Bou Azzer mining district	Weiß (2006)
Tinghir Province Tinghir Cercle Imiter mining district ⓘ Imiter mine	Barral et al. (2008)
North Macedonia
Lipkovo Municipality ⓘ Lojane	Antonović +6 other references
Norway
Rogaland Sokndal ⓘ Storgangen Ilmenite Mine ?	Kronos
Telemark Bamble Bamble Nickel Mines Nystein ⓘ Vissestad Mine	Neumann (1985)
Poland
Lower Silesian Voivodeship Głogów County Gmina Jerzmanowa ⓘ Gaiki ?	Lis et al. (1986)
ⓘ Potoczek	Harańczyk 1972: Mineralizacja ...
ⓘ Lubin–Głogów mining district	Piestrzyński et al. (2012)
Lubin County Gmina Lubin ⓘ Obora	Harańczyk 1972: Mineralizacja ...
ⓘ Lubin	Lis et al. (1986)
Silesian Voivodeship Gliwice County Knurów ⓘ Szczygłowice Mine ?	Eligiusz Szełęg collection
Romania
Bihor County ⓘ Măgureaua Vaței intrusion	www.researchgate.net (n.d.)
Nucet ⓘ Băiţa mining district	Cook et al. (2002) +1 other reference
Caraş-Severin County ⓘ Sasca Montană	Cook et al. (2002)
Russia
Adygea (Republic of Adygea) Maykopsky District ⓘ Belorechenskoe deposit	Pekov I.V. et al. (2010)
Chelyabinsk Oblast Miass River ⓘ Maly Iremel placer	Zaykov et al. (2017)
Plastovsky District Svetlyi ⓘ Svetlinsky pegmatite quarry	Korinevsky et al. (2022)
Krasnoyarsk Krai Lysanskiy dunite-peridotite-gabbro complex ⓘ Sisim Placer Zone	Barkov et al. (2018)
Saudi Arabia
Medina Region ⓘ Jabal Mardah	Nehlig et al. (1999)
Slovakia
Banská Bystrica Region Poltár District ⓘ Ozdín	Maťo et al. (stredné Slovensko)
Revúca District ⓘ Ploské	Szakáll (2002)
Košice Region Gelnica District ⓘ Mníšek nad Hnilcom	Koděra (1986)
ⓘ Jašterica copper deposit	Grecula (1995)
Smolnícka Huta ⓘ Fichtenhübel deposit-western section	Koděra (1986)
Košice-okolie District Medzev ⓘ Fichtenhübel deposit-eastern section	Koděra (1986)
South Africa
Free State Lejweleputswa District Municipality Tokologo Local Municipality Boshof ⓘ Rovic Mine ?	Hughes et al. (202)
Spain
Castile and Leon León ⓘ Cármenes	Anthony et al. (1990)
Villanueva de Pontedo ⓘ Providencia Mine	Martínez i Cantó (2015)
Catalonia Tarragona Conca de Barberà Vimbodí i Poblet Bosc de Poblet ⓘ Atrevida Mine	Econ Geol (1992)
Priorat Bellmunt del Priorat ⓘ Eugenia Mine	Joan Abella i Creus (2008)
UK
England Northumberland Newbrough ⓘ Settlingstones Mine	Ixer et al. (1998)
Scotland Highland Fort William and Ardnamurchan ⓘ Sron Gharbh (Sron Garbh)	Graham et al. (2017)
USA
Arizona Coconino County Orphan Mining District Grand Canyon Village ⓘ Orphan Mine (Orphan lode)	- (United States) +4 other references
California Sonoma County Coast Range Guerneville Mining District Guerneville ⓘ Great Eastern and Mount Jackson Mine	Henderson (1969) +2 other references
Idaho Lemhi County Blackbird Mining District ⓘ Iron Creek deposit (Little No Name)	Holley et al. (2023)
Illinois Hardin County Cave-In-Rock Mining Sub-District ⓘ Cave-in-Rock	Goldstein (1997)
Ozark-Mahoning group ⓘ W.L. Davis-Deardorff Mine	Goldstein (1997)
Maine Knox County Union ⓘ Harriman prospect	Rainville et al. (1976)
Missouri Iron County Bixby ⓘ Buick Mine (Amax Buick Mine; Moloc Mine)	Sherwood et al. (1998)
ⓘ Magmont Mine	Rocks & Min. Mar. 1998
Reynolds County Ellington ⓘ Sweetwater Mine	Rocks & Min.:64:22&26. +1 other reference
West Fork ⓘ Fletcher Mine	Sherwood et al. (1998)
ⓘ Viburnum Trend Mining District	Leach et al. (1995)
Zambia
North-Western Province Kalumbila District ⓘ Enterprise deposit	Capistrant (2013) +1 other reference
Zimbabwe
Matabeleland South Insiza District ⓘ Epoch Mine	Pirajno et al. (2013)

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