This timeline of spaceflight may require cleanup to ensure consistency with other timeline of spaceflight articles. See Wikipedia:WikiProject Spaceflight/Timeline of spaceflight working group for guidelines on how to improve the article. Details Concerns have been raised that:
|
| 👁 Image The Mir space station, which was deorbited on 23 March | |
| Orbital launches | |
|---|---|
| First | 9 January |
| Last | 28 December |
| Total | 59 |
| Successes | 58 |
| Failures | 1 |
| Catalogued | 58 |
| Rockets | |
| Maiden flights | GSLV H-IIA 202 Proton-M Soyuz-FG |
| Retirements | Ariane 4 44P Ariane 4 44LP Athena I |
| Crewed flights | |
| Orbital | 8 |
| Total travellers | 44 |
This article outlines notable events occurring in 2001 in spaceflight, including major launches and EVAs.
Deorbit of Mir
[edit]The Russian space station Mir ended its mission on 23 March 2001, when it was brought out of its orbit, entered the atmosphere and was destroyed. Major components ranged from about 5 to 15 years in age, and included the Mir Core Module, Kvant-1, Kvant-2, Kristall, Spektr, Priroda, and Docking Module. Although Russia was optimistic about Mir's future, the country's commitments to the International Space Station programme left no funding to support Mir.[1]
Launches
[edit]| Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) |
Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
| Remarks | |||||||
January[edit] | |||||||
| 9 January 17:00 |
👁 China Long March 2F |
👁 China Jiuquan |
👁 China | ||||
| 👁 China Shenzhou 2 |
CMSA | Low Earth | Test spacecraft | 16 January 11:22 |
Successful | ||
| 👁 China Shenzhou spacecraft orbital module |
CMSA | Low Earth | Test spacecraft | 24 August 09:05 |
Successful | ||
| 10 January 22:09 |
👁 France Ariane 4 44P |
👁 France Kourou ELA-2 |
👁 France Arianespace | ||||
| 👁 Turkey Türksat 2A |
Eurasiasat SAM | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 24 January 04:28 |
👁 Russia Soyuz-U |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 1/5 |
👁 Russia Roskosmos | ||||
| 👁 Russia Progress M1-5 |
Roskosmos | Low Earth (Mir) | Deorbit Mir | 23 March 05:50 |
Successful | ||
| Final spacecraft to dock with the Mir space station. Remained docked during re-entry. | |||||||
| 30 January 07:55 |
👁 United States Delta II 7925-9.5 |
👁 United States Cape Canaveral SLC-17A |
👁 United States Boeing IDS | ||||
| 👁 United States GPS IIR-7 (USA-156) |
US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
February[edit] | |||||||
| 7 February 23:05 |
👁 France Ariane 4 44L |
👁 France Kourou ELA-2 |
👁 France Arianespace | ||||
| Sicral | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | |||
| 👁 United Kingdom Skynet 4F |
MoD (UK) | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Skynet 4F is the final ECS-class satellite. | |||||||
| 7 February 23:13 |
👁 United States Space Shuttle Atlantis |
👁 United States Kennedy LC-39A |
👁 United States United Space Alliance | ||||
| 👁 United States STS-98 |
NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 20 February 20:33 |
Successful | ||
| 👁 United Nations Destiny |
NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS component | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts | |||||||
| 20 February 08:48 |
👁 Russia Start-1 |
👁 Russia Svobodniy Site 5 |
👁 Russia | ||||
| 👁 Sweden Odin |
SSC | Low Earth | Infrared astronomy | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 26 February 08:09 |
👁 Russia Soyuz-U |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 1/5 |
👁 Russia Roskosmos | ||||
| 👁 Russia Progress M-44 |
Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 16 April 13:23 |
Successful | ||
| ISS flight 3P | |||||||
| 27 February 21:20 |
👁 United States Titan IVB (401)/Centaur |
👁 United States Cape Canaveral SLC-40 |
👁 United States Lockheed Martin | ||||
| 👁 United States Milstar 2 (USA-157) |
US Air Force | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
March[edit] | |||||||
| 8 March 11:42 |
👁 United States Space Shuttle Discovery |
👁 United States Kennedy LC-39B |
👁 United States United Space Alliance | ||||
| 👁 United States STS-102 |
NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 21 March 07:31 |
Successful | ||
| 👁 Italy 👁 United States Leonardo MPLM |
ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
| Crewed orbital flight with 7 astronauts, ISS crew exchange (launched Expedition 2) Maiden flight of Multi-Purpose Logistics Module | |||||||
| 8 March 22:51 |
👁 France Ariane 5G |
👁 France Kourou ELA-3 |
👁 France Arianespace | ||||
| 👁 France Eurobird |
Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 Japan BSAT-2A |
BSAT | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 18 March 22:33 |
👁 Ukraine Zenit-3SL |
👁 Norway Ocean Odyssey |
👁 United Nations Sea Launch | ||||
| 👁 United States XM-2 "Rock" |
XM Satellite Radio | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Partial satellite failure | ||
| Design fault with solar panels led to shorter operational life, deactivated November 2006 | |||||||
April[edit] | |||||||
| 7 April 03:47 |
👁 Russia Proton-M/Briz-M |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 81/24 |
👁 Russia | ||||
| 👁 Russia Ekran-M 18 |
GPKS | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Maiden flight of Proton-M | |||||||
| 7 April 15:02 |
👁 United States Delta II 7925-9.5 |
👁 United States Cape Canaveral SLC-17A |
👁 United States Boeing IDS | ||||
| 👁 United States 2001 Mars Odyssey |
NASA | Areocentric | Mars orbiter | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 18 April 10:13 |
👁 India GSLV |
👁 India Satish Dhawan FLP |
👁 India ISRO | ||||
| 👁 India GSAT-1 |
ISRO | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Failure | ||
| Payload placed in incorrect orbit due to underpowered upper stage of launch vehicle Maiden flight of GSLV | |||||||
| 19 April 18:40 |
👁 United States Space Shuttle Endeavour |
👁 United States Kennedy LC-39A |
👁 United States United Space Alliance | ||||
| 👁 United States STS-100 |
NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 1 May 16:10 |
Successful | ||
| 👁 Italy 👁 United States Raffaello MPLM |
ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
| 👁 Canada Canadarm2 |
NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS component | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Crewed orbital flight with 7 astronauts | |||||||
| 28 April 07:37 |
👁 Russia Soyuz-U |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 1/5 |
👁 Russia Roskosmos | ||||
| 👁 Russia Soyuz TM-32 |
Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS escape craft | 31 October | Successful | ||
| Crewed orbital flight with three cosmonauts including the first space tourist, whose flight was arranged by the American company Space Adventures | |||||||
May[edit] | |||||||
| 8 May 22:10 |
👁 Ukraine Zenit-3SL |
👁 Norway Ocean Odyssey |
👁 United Nations Sea Launch | ||||
| 👁 United States XM-1 "Roll" |
XM Satellite Radio | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Partial satellite failure | ||
| Design fault with solar panels led to shorter operational life, deactivated November 2006 | |||||||
| 15 May 01:11 |
👁 Russia Proton-K/DM-2M |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 81/23 |
👁 Russia 👁 United States International Launch Services | ||||
| 👁 United States Panamsat 10 |
PanAmSat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 18 May 17:45 |
👁 United States Delta II 7925-9.5 |
👁 United States Cape Canaveral SLC-17B |
👁 United States Boeing IDS | ||||
| 👁 United States GeoLITE (USA-158) |
NRO | Geostationary | Experimental communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| NROL-17 Mission. | |||||||
| 20 May 22:32 |
👁 Russia Soyuz-FG |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 1/5 |
👁 Russia Roskosmos | ||||
| 👁 Russia Progress M1-6 |
Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 22 August | Successful | ||
| Maiden flight of Soyuz-FG ISS flight 4P | |||||||
| 29 May 17:55 |
👁 Russia Soyuz-U |
👁 Russia Plesetsk Site 43/4 |
👁 Russia VKS | ||||
| 👁 Russia Kosmos 2377 |
MO RF | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 10 October | Successful | ||
June[edit] | |||||||
| 8 June 15:08 |
👁 Russia Kosmos-3M |
👁 Russia Plesetsk Site 132 |
👁 Russia VKS | ||||
| 👁 Russia Kosmos 2378 |
MO RF | Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 9 June 06:45 |
👁 France Ariane 4 44L |
👁 France Kourou ELA-2 |
👁 France Arianespace | ||||
| 👁 United Nations Intelsat 901 |
Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 16 June 01:49 |
👁 Russia Proton-K/DM-2M |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 81/23 |
👁 Russia 👁 United States International Launch Services | ||||
| 👁 Luxembourg Astra 2C |
SES Astra | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 19 June 04:41 |
👁 United States Atlas IIAS |
👁 United States Cape Canaveral SLC-36B |
👁 Russia 👁 United States International Launch Services | ||||
| 👁 United States ICO F2 |
ICO | Medium Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 30 June 17:45 |
👁 United States Delta II 7425-10 |
👁 United States Cape Canaveral SLC-17B |
👁 United States Boeing IDS | ||||
| 👁 United States WMAP |
NASA | Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange Point | Astronomy | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Ceased operations on 20 August 2010, subsequently manoeuvred into heliocentric orbit on 8 September[2] | |||||||
July[edit] | |||||||
| 12 July 09:03 |
👁 United States Space Shuttle Atlantis |
👁 United States Kennedy LC-39B |
👁 United States United Space Alliance | ||||
| 👁 United States STS-104 |
NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 25 July 03:38 |
Successful | ||
| 👁 United Nations Quest |
NASA | Low Earth | ISS component | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Crewed orbital flight with five astronauts | |||||||
| 12 July 21:58 |
👁 France Ariane 5G |
👁 France Kourou ELA-3 |
👁 France Arianespace | ||||
| 👁 Image Artemis |
ESA | Geosynchronous | Navigation | In orbit | Partial launch failure Operational | ||
| 👁 Japan BSAT-2B |
BSAT | Intended: Geosynchronous Achieved: Medium Earth |
Communications | 28 January 2014 | Launch failure | ||
| Premature cutoff of 2nd stage. Artemis reached correct orbit under own power, BSAT abandoned in useless orbit | |||||||
| 20 July 00:17 |
👁 Russia Molniya-M |
👁 Russia Plesetsk Site 43/4 |
👁 Russia VKS | ||||
| 👁 Russia Molniya 3–51 |
MO RF | Molniya | Communications | 19 December 2016[3] | Successful | ||
| 23 July 07:23 |
👁 United States Atlas IIA |
👁 United States Cape Canaveral SLC-36A |
|||||
| 👁 United States GOES-12 (GOES-M) |
NOAA | Geosynchronous | Weather satellite | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 31 July 08:00 |
👁 Ukraine Tsyklon-3 |
👁 Russia Plesetsk Site 32/2 |
👁 Russia VKS | ||||
| 👁 Russia Koronas F |
RAKA | Sun-synchronous | Solar observation | 6 December 2005[4] | Successful | ||
August[edit] | |||||||
| 6 August 07:28 |
👁 United States Titan IVB (402)/IUS |
👁 United States Cape Canaveral SLC-40 |
👁 United States Lockheed Martin | ||||
| 👁 United States DSP-21 (USA-159) |
US Air Force | Geosynchronous | Missile early warning | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 8 August 16:13 |
👁 United States Delta II 7326-9.5 |
👁 United States Cape Canaveral SLC-17A |
👁 United States Boeing IDS | ||||
| 👁 United States Genesis |
NASA | Earth-Sun L1 Lagrange Point | Solar wind sample return | 8 September 2004 | Partial failure | ||
| Parachute failed to deploy upon return to Earth, some samples recovered from wreckage | |||||||
| 10 August 21:10 |
👁 United States Space Shuttle Discovery |
👁 United States Kennedy LC-39A |
👁 United States United Space Alliance | ||||
| 👁 United States STS-105 |
NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 22 August 03:38 |
Successful | ||
| 👁 Italy 👁 United States Leonardo MPLM |
ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
| 👁 United States Simplesat |
NASA | Low Earth | Astronomy | 30 January 2002 | Failure | ||
| Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts ISS crew exchange (launched Expedition 3) Simplesat released 20 August 18:30 UTC, and failed to contact ground | |||||||
| 21 August 09:23 |
👁 Russia Soyuz-U |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 1/5 |
👁 Russia Roskosmos | ||||
| 👁 Russia Progress M-45 |
Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 22 November | Successful | ||
| ISS flight 5P | |||||||
| 24 August 20:35 |
👁 Russia Proton-K/DM-2 |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 81/24 |
👁 Russia VKS | ||||
| 👁 Russia Kosmos 2379 |
VKS | Geosynchronous | Early warning | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 29 August 07:00 |
👁 Japan H-IIA 202 |
👁 Japan Tanegashima LA-Y1 |
👁 Japan | ||||
| 👁 Japan LRE |
NASDA | Geostationary transfer | Orbit determination | In orbit | Successful | ||
| 👁 Japan VEP-2 |
NASDA | Geostationary transfer | Boilerplate spacecraft | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Maiden flight of H-IIA | |||||||
| 30 August 06:46 |
👁 France Ariane 4 44L |
👁 France Kourou ELA-2 |
👁 France Arianespace | ||||
| 👁 United Nations Intelsat 902 |
Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
September[edit] | |||||||
| 8 September 15:25 |
👁 United States Atlas IIAS |
👁 United States Vandenberg SLC-3E |
Lockheed Martin | ||||
| 👁 United States NOSS C1-1 (USA-160) |
NRO | Low Earth | SIGINT | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 United States NOSS C1-1 (USA-160-2) |
NRO | Low Earth | SIGINT | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 14 September 23:34 |
👁 Russia Soyuz-U |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 1/5 |
👁 Russia Roscosmos | ||||
| 👁 Russia Progress M-SO1 |
Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Space tug / ISS assembly | 26 September | Successful | ||
| 👁 Russia Pirs |
Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS component | 26 July 2021 14:51[5] |
Successful | ||
| ISS flight 4R | |||||||
| 21 September 18:49 |
👁 United States Taurus 2110 |
👁 United States Vandenberg LC-576E |
👁 United States Orbital Sciences | ||||
| 👁 United States Orbview-4 |
OrbImage | Intended: Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 21 September | Launch failure | ||
| 👁 United States QuikTOMS |
NASA | Intended: Low Earth (SSO) | Ozone observation | ||||
| 👁 United States SBD / Celestis-4 |
Orbital Sciences / Celestis | Intended: Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration / Space burial | ||||
| Failed to reach orbit after control issues. SBD and Celestis-4 were hosted payloads on the third stage. | |||||||
| 25 September 23:21 |
👁 France Ariane 4 44P |
👁 France Kourou ELA-2 |
👁 France Arianespace | ||||
| 👁 France Atlantic Bird 2 |
Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Final flight of Ariane 4 44P. | |||||||
| 30 September 02:40 |
👁 United States Athena I |
👁 United States Kodiak LP-1 |
👁 United States Lockheed Martin | ||||
| 👁 United States Starshine 3 |
NASA | Low Earth | Laser ranging | 21 January 2003 | Successful | ||
| 👁 United States Picosat 9 |
U.S. Air Force | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Successful | ||
| 👁 United States PCSat |
U.S. Air Force | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 United States SAPPHIRE |
Stanford University | Low Earth | Education | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Kodiak Star, Space Test Program mission. Final flight of Athena I, and at the time final flight of the Athena family, which was later reactivated. First orbital launch from Kodiak Island. | |||||||
October[edit] | |||||||
| 5 October 21:21 |
👁 United States Titan IVB (404) |
👁 United States Vandenberg SLC-4E |
👁 United States Lockheed Martin | ||||
| 👁 United States EIS-2 (USA-161) |
NRO | Sun-synchronous | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 6 October 16:45 |
👁 Russia Proton-K/DM-2 |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 81 |
👁 Russia VKS | ||||
| 👁 Russia Raduga-1 |
VKS | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 11 October 02:32 |
👁 United States Atlas IIAS |
👁 United States Cape Canaveral SLC-36B |
|||||
| 👁 United States Aquila (USA-162) |
NRO | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 18 October 18:51 |
👁 United States Delta II 7320-10 |
👁 United States Vandenberg SLC-2W |
👁 United States Boeing IDS | ||||
| 👁 United States QuickBird 2 |
DigitalGlobe | Low Earth | Earth observation | 27 January 2015[6] | Successful | ||
| 21 October 08:59 |
👁 Russia Soyuz-U |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 1/5 |
👁 Russia Roskosmos | ||||
| 👁 Russia Soyuz TM-33 |
Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS escape craft | 5 May 2002 03:52 |
Successful | ||
| Crewed orbital flight with three cosmonauts | |||||||
| 22 October 04:53 |
👁 India PSLV |
👁 India Satish Dhawan FLP |
👁 India ISRO | ||||
| 👁 India TES |
ISRO | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 Image PROBA |
ESA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 Germany BIRD |
DLR | Low Earth | Earth imaging | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 25 October 11:34 |
👁 Russia Molniya-M |
👁 Russia Plesetsk Site 43/3 |
👁 Russia VKS | ||||
| 👁 Russia Molniya 3–52 |
VKS | Molniya | Communications | 6 December 2011 | Successful | ||
November[edit] | |||||||
| 26 November 18:24 |
👁 Russia Soyuz-FG |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 1/5 |
👁 Russia Roskosmos | ||||
| 👁 Russia Progress M1-7 |
Roskosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | 20 March 2002 | Successful | ||
| 👁 Russia Kolibri |
RAKA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 4 May 2002 | Successful | ||
| ISS flight 6P Kolibri deployed from Progress on 19 March 2002 | |||||||
| 27 November 00:35 |
👁 France Ariane 4 44LP |
👁 France Kourou ELA-2 |
👁 France Arianespace | ||||
| 👁 United States DirecTV-4S |
DirecTV | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Final flight of Ariane 4 44LP | |||||||
December[edit] | |||||||
| 1 December 18:04 |
👁 Russia Proton-K/DM-2 |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur |
👁 Russia VKS | ||||
| 👁 Russia Kosmos 2382 (GLONASS) |
KNITs | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 Russia Kosmos 2383 (GLONASS) |
KNITs | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 Russia Kosmos 2384 (GLONASS) |
KNITs | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 5 December 22:19 |
👁 United States Space Shuttle Endeavour |
👁 United States Kennedy LC-39B |
👁 United States United Space Alliance | ||||
| 👁 United States STS-108 |
NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS assembly | 17 December 17:55 |
Successful | ||
| 👁 Italy 👁 United States Raffaello MPLM |
ASI/NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Logistics | Successful | |||
| 👁 United States Starshine 2 |
NASA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | 26 April 2002 | Successful | ||
| Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts ISS crew exchange (launched Expedition 4) Starshine 2 released 16 December, 15:02 UTC | |||||||
| 7 December 15:07 |
👁 United States Delta II 7920-10 |
👁 United States Vandenberg SLC-2W |
👁 United States Boeing IDS | ||||
| 👁 France 👁 United States Jason 1 |
CNES/NASA | Low Earth | Oceanography | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 United States TIMED |
NASA | Low Earth | Solar research | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 10 December 17:18 |
👁 Ukraine Zenit-2 |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 45/1 |
|||||
| 👁 Russia Meteor 3M-1 |
Rosaviakosmos | Low Earth | Weather satellite | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Kompas | IZMIRAN | Low Earth | Earthquake prediction | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 Pakistan Badr-B |
SUPARCO | Low Earth | Earth imaging | In orbit | Partially Successful | ||
| 👁 Morocco 👁 Germany Maroc-Tubsat |
Centre Royal de Teledetection Spatiale/TU Berlin | Low Earth | Earth imaging/Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 Russia 👁 United States Reflector |
Rosaviakosmos/US Air Force | Low Earth | Space debris research | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 21 December 04:00 |
👁 Ukraine Tsyklon-2 |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur Site 90/20 |
|||||
| 👁 Russia Kosmos 2383 (US-PM) |
Russian Navy | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 20 March 2004 18:54[7] |
Successful | ||
| 28 December 03:24 |
👁 Ukraine Tsyklon-3 |
👁 Russia Plesetsk Site 32/2 |
👁 Russia VKS | ||||
| 👁 Russia Kosmos 2384 (Strela) |
VKS | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 Russia Kosmos 2385 (Strela) |
VKS | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 Russia Kosmos 2386 (Strela) |
VKS | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 Russia Gonets D1-10 (Gonets) |
VKS | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 Russia Gonets D1-11 (Gonets) |
VKS | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 👁 Russia Gonets D1-12 (Gonets) |
VKS | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Suborbital launches
[edit]| 👁 Image |
| Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Payload | Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
| Remarks | |||||||
January-March[edit] | |||||||
| 17 January 04:31 |
👁 India Agni 2 |
👁 India Integrated Test Range |
👁 India DRDO | ||||
| 👁 India Reentry Vehicle Mk 2 |
DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 17 January | Successful | ||
| 26 January 03:57 |
👁 United States Aries |
👁 United States Kauai Test Facility |
👁 United States US Navy | ||||
| 👁 United States Aegis TTV-2 |
USN | Suborbital | ABM target | 26 January | Intercepted | ||
| Target for FTR-1A. Apogee: ~300 km | |||||||
| 26 January 04:03 |
👁 United States RIM-161 SM-3 |
FTR-1A "Stellar Gemini" | 👁 United States USS Lake Erie (CG-70), Pacific Ocean launch area, off Kauai |
👁 United States US Navy | |||
| 👁 United States LEAP |
USN | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 January | Successful | ||
| Intercepted Aries target missile. Apogee: 100 km | |||||||
| 7 February 09:28 |
👁 United States LGM-30G Minuteman III |
GT175GM | 👁 United States Vandenberg AFB, LF-10 |
👁 United States US Air Force | |||
| 👁 United States Mk 12 reentry vehicle ×3 |
USAF | Suborbital | Missile test | 7 February | Successful | ||
| 9 February 04:00:06 |
👁 Canada Black Brant 9CM1 |
👁 United States White Sands |
👁 United States NASA | ||||
| 👁 United States JHU FOT 16 |
NASA, JHU | Suborbital | UV astronomy | 9 February | Successful | ||
| 12 February 16:28 |
👁 Canada Black Brant IX |
👁 United States White Sands |
👁 United States NASA | ||||
| 👁 United States NASA 36.187NM |
NASA | Suborbital | Microgravity research | 12 February | Successful | ||
| 16 February 10:28 |
👁 Russia R-29RM Shtil |
👁 Russia K-407 Novomoskovsk, Barents Sea |
👁 Russia Russian Navy | ||||
| 👁 Russia Reentry vehicle ×4 |
Russian Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 16 February | Successful | ||
| 16 February 10:43 |
👁 Russia RT-2PM Topol |
👁 Russia Plesetsk Site 169 |
👁 Russia RVSN | ||||
| 👁 Russia Reentry vehicles |
RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 16 February | Successful | ||
| 19 February | 👁 India RH-200SV |
👁 India Satish Dhawan Space Centre |
👁 India ISRO | ||||
| 👁 India |
ISRO | Suborbital | Test flight | 19 February | Successful | ||
| 20 February 18:58 |
👁 United States SR19/SR19 |
👁 United States Wake Island |
👁 United States SMDC | ||||
| 👁 United States TCMP-3B |
SMDC | Suborbital | Test flight | 20 February | Successful | ||
| 22 February 04:55 |
👁 Canada Black Brant IX |
👁 United States White Sands |
👁 United States NASA | ||||
| 👁 United States 👁 United Kingdom J-PEX 2 |
NRL, Leicester University | Suborbital | UV astronomy | 22 February | Successful | ||
| 22 March 22:15 |
👁 United States Aries |
👁 United States Kodiak Launch Complex, LP-2 |
👁 United States US Air Force | ||||
| 👁 United States QRLV-1 |
USAF, USN | Suborbital | Target | 22 March | Successful | ||
| 31 March | 👁 United States Hera |
👁 United States Fort Wingate, LC-96 |
👁 United States SMDC | ||||
| 👁 United States MBRV-3 |
SMDC | Suborbital | Target for PAC-3 | 31 March | Successful | ||
| 31 March 06:00 |
👁 India Prithvi |
👁 India Integrated Test Range |
👁 India DRDO | ||||
| 👁 India |
DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 31 March | Successful | ||
April-June[edit] | |||||||
| 17 April 22:00 |
👁 France MSBS M45 |
👁 France L'Inflexible (S615), Bay of Biscay |
👁 France French Navy | ||||
| 👁 France Reentry vehicle ×6 |
French Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 17 April | Successful | ||
| 18 April | 👁 Iran Shahab 1 |
👁 Iran Kermanshah Air Base |
👁 Iran | ||||
| 👁 Iran Warhead |
Suborbital | Missile strike | 18 April | Successful | |||
| Missile strikes on MKO militant camps, many launches. | |||||||
| 29 April 11:28 |
👁 Image 👁 United States Maxus |
👁 Sweden Esrange |
👁 Sweden SSC | ||||
| 👁 Image MAXUS 4 |
ESA | Suborbital | Microgravity research | 29 April | Successful | ||
| 8 May 09:55 |
👁 United Kingdom Skylark 7 |
👁 Sweden Esrange, Skylark launch tower |
👁 United Kingdom Sounding Rocket Services | ||||
| 👁 Germany TEXUS 39 |
DLR | Suborbital | Microgravity research | 8 May | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 248 km | |||||||
| 14 May | 👁 United States Trident D5 |
FCET-24 | 👁 United States USS Kentucky (SSBN-737), Eastern Test Range |
👁 United States US Navy | |||
| 👁 United States Reentry vehicles |
USN | Suborbital | Missile test | 14 May | Successful | ||
| 15 May 01:57 |
👁 United States Improved Orion |
👁 Norway Andøya Rocket Range |
👁 Norway NDRE | ||||
| 👁 Norway HiN-2 |
NDRE | Suborbital | Test flight | 15 May | Successful | ||
| 31 May | 👁 India RH-200SV |
👁 India Satish Dhawan Space Centre |
👁 India ISRO | ||||
| 👁 India |
ISRO | Suborbital | Test flight | 31 May | Successful | ||
| 5 June 11:32 |
👁 Russia R-29RM Shtil |
👁 Russia K-51 Verkhoturye, Barents Sea |
👁 Russia Russian Navy | ||||
| 👁 Russia Reentry vehicle ×4 |
Russian Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 5 June | Successful | ||
| 21 June 17:32 |
👁 Canada Black Brant IX |
👁 United States White Sands, LC-36 |
👁 United States NASA | ||||
| 👁 United States TXI |
NASA/GSFC | Suborbital | Solar radiation research | 21 June | Successful | ||
| 25 June 23:16 |
👁 United States Trident D5 |
FCET-25 | 👁 United States USS Louisiana (SSBN-743), Eastern Test Range |
👁 United States US Navy | |||
| 👁 United States Reentry vehicles |
USN | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 June | Successful | ||
| 25 June 23:16 |
👁 United States Trident D5 |
FCET-25 | 👁 United States USS Louisiana, Eastern Test Range |
👁 United States US Navy | |||
| 👁 United States Reentry vehicles |
USN | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 June | Successful | ||
| 26 June 01:13 |
👁 United States Trident D5 |
FCET-25 | 👁 United States USS Louisiana, Eastern Test Range |
👁 United States US Navy | |||
| 👁 United States Reentry vehicles |
USN | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 June | Successful | ||
| 27 June | 👁 Israel Jericho II |
👁 Israel Palmachim Airbase |
👁 Israel Israeli Air Force | ||||
| 👁 Israel |
IAF | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 June | Successful | ||
| 27 June 04:35 |
👁 Russia UR-100NU |
👁 Kazakhstan Baikonur, Site 132/30 |
👁 Russia RVSN | ||||
| 👁 Russia |
RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 June | Successful | ||
| 29 June 04:44:01 |
👁 Canada Black Brant VC |
👁 United States Wallops Flight Facility |
👁 United States NASA | ||||
| 👁 United States NASA 21.125GE |
NASA | Suborbital | Ionospheric research | 29 June | Successful | ||
July-September[edit] | |||||||
| 31 August 20:00 |
👁 United States GBI BV |
BV-2 | 👁 United States Vandenberg AFB, LF-21 |
👁 United States US Air Force | |||
| 👁 United States Dummy EKV |
BMDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 31 August | Successful | ||
| Maiden flight of the Boeing Boost Vehicle. Apogee: ~200 km | |||||||
October-December[edit] | |||||||
| 24 October 2001 16:00 |
👁 Taiwan Taiwan Sounding Rocket |
Sounding Rocket II | 👁 Taiwan Jiu Peng Air Base |
👁 Taiwan NSPO | |||
| 👁 Taiwan TMA release experiment |
NSPO | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 24 October | Failure | ||
| Second stage failed to ignite at T+20 seconds.[8] | |||||||
| 13 December 18:15 |
👁 United States GBI BV |
BV-3 | 👁 United States Vandenberg AFB, LF-21 |
👁 United States US Air Force | |||
| 👁 United States Dummy EKV |
BMDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 13 December | Failure | ||
| Missile steered off course 30 seconds after launch, flight was terminated by range safety | |||||||
Deep space rendezvous
[edit]| Date (GMT) | Spacecraft | Event | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15 January | Stardust | 1st flyby of the Earth | |
| 12 February | NEAR | Landed on 433 Eros | First-ever asteroid landing |
| 25 May | Galileo | 8th flyby of Callisto | |
| 6 August | Galileo | 4th flyby of Io | |
| 22 September | Deep Space 1 | Flyby of 19P/Borrelly | |
| 24 October | Mars Odyssey | Areocentric orbit injection |
EVAs
[edit]| Start date/time | Duration | End time | Spacecraft | Crew | Function | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 February 15:50 |
7 hours 34 minutes |
23:24 | STS-98 ISS Atlantis |
👁 United States Thomas D. Jones 👁 United States Robert Curbeam |
Removed protective launch covers and disconnected power and cooling cables between Destiny and Atlantis, while crewmembers inside moved the 3,800-cubic-foot (110 m3) laboratory from the payload bay to its home on the Unity node. Curbeam and Jones then connected electrical, data and cooling lines to the lab, during which a small amount of ammonia crystals leaked from one of the hoses, prompting a decontamination procedure.[9][10] | |
| 12 February 15:59 |
6 hours 50 minutes |
22:49 | STS-98 ISS Atlantis |
👁 United States Thomas D. Jones 👁 United States Robert Curbeam |
Installed the shuttle docking adapter onto Destiny, installed insulating covers over the pins that held Destiny in place during launch, attached a vent to the lab's air system, installed handrails and sockets on the exterior of Destiny, and attached a base for the future space station robotic arm.[11] | |
| 14 February 14:48 |
5 hours 25 minutes |
20:13 | STS-98 ISS Atlantis |
👁 United States Thomas D. Jones 👁 United States Robert Curbeam |
Attached a spare communications antenna to the station, double-checked connections between the Destiny lab and its docking port, released a cooling radiator on the station, inspected solar array connections at the top of the station, and tested the ability of a spacewalker to carry an immobile crew member back to the shuttle airlock.[12] | 100th American spacewalk. |
| 11 March 05:12 |
8 hours 56 minutes |
14:08 | STS-102 ISS Discovery |
👁 United States James S. Voss 👁 United States Susan J. Helms |
Prepared PMA-3 for repositioning from Unity's Earth-facing berth to the port-side berth to make room for the Leonardo MPLM. Removed a Lab Cradle Assembly from the shuttle's cargo bay and installed it on the side of Destiny, and installed a cable tray to Destiny for later use by the station's robot arm. After re-entering the shuttle's airlock, the spacewalkers remained ready to assist if any troubles were encountered by the crew inside the shuttle.[13] | Longest-duration EVA in history. |
| 13 March 05:23 |
6 hours 21 minutes |
11:44 | STS-102 ISS Discovery |
👁 Australia /👁 United States Andy Thomas 👁 United States Paul W. Richards |
Installed an External Stowage Platform for spare station parts, attached a spare ammonia coolant pump to the platform, finished connecting several cables put in place on the first EVA for the station's robotic arm. Inspected a Unity node heater connection, and inspected of an exterior experiment, the Floating Potential Probe.[14] | |
| 22 April 11:45 |
7 hours 10 minutes |
18:55 | STS-100 ISS Endeavour |
👁 Canada Chris Hadfield 👁 United States Scott E. Parazynski |
Installed the station's UHF antenna, and the Canadian Space Agency made Canadarm2. Connected cables to give the arm power and allow it to accept computer commands from inside the lab.[15] | Hadfield became the first Canadian spacewalker. |
| 24 April 12:34 |
7 hours 40 minutes |
20:14 | STS-100 ISS Endeavour |
👁 Canada Chris Hadfield 👁 United States Scott E. Parazynski |
Connected the Power Data Grapple Fixture circuits for Canadarm2 onto Destiny, removed an early communications antenna, transferred a spare Direct Current Switching Unit from the shuttle's payload bay to an equipment storage rack on the outside of Destiny.[16] | |
| 8 June 14:21 |
19 minutes | 14:40 | Expedition 2 ISS Zvezda |
👁 Russia Yury Usachyov 👁 United States James S. Voss |
Installed the docking cone onto the Zvezda module, in preparation for the arrival of the Russian Pirs docking compartment.[17] | Conducted from the transfer compartment of the Zvezda Service Module. |
| 15 July 03:10 |
5 hours 59 minutes |
09:09 | STS-104 ISS Atlantis |
👁 United States Michael L. Gernhardt 👁 United States James F. Reilly |
Installed the Quest Joint Airlock onto the Unity node.[18][19][20] | |
| 18 July 03:04 |
6 hours 29 minutes |
09:33 | STS-104 ISS Atlantis |
👁 United States Michael L. Gernhardt 👁 United States James F. Reilly |
Installed one of two high-pressure nitrogen tanks, and one of two high-pressure oxygen tanks onto Quest, and installed grapple fixture and trunion covers.[18][20][21] | |
| 21 July 04:35 |
4 hours 2 minutes |
08:37 | STS-104 ISS Quest |
👁 United States Michael L. Gernhardt 👁 United States James F. Reilly |
Installed the second high-pressure nitrogen tank, and the second oxygen tank onto the Quest airlock.[20][22][23] | First EVA conducted from the Quest airlock. |
| 16 August 13:58 |
6 hours 16 minutes |
20:14 | STS-105 ISS Discovery |
👁 United States Daniel T. Barry 👁 United States Patrick G. Forrester |
Installed an Early Ammonia Servicer onto the station's P6 truss, co-location of the foot restraint in a stowed location, and installed the MISSE-1 and 2 containers onto the Quest airlock.[24][25] | |
| 18 August 13:42 |
5 hours 29 minutes |
19:11 | STS-105 ISS Discovery |
👁 United States Daniel T. Barry 👁 United States Patrick G. Forrester |
Installed heater cables and handrails onto the Destiny laboratory.[24][25] | |
| 8 October 14:24 |
4 hours 58 minutes |
19:22 | Expedition 3 ISS Pirs |
👁 Russia Vladimir Dezhurov 👁 Russia Mikhail Tyurin |
Installed cables between Pirs, and Zvezda to allow spacewalk radio communications between the two sections. Installed handrails onto Pirs, and installed an exterior ladder to assist spacewalkers leaving Pirs. Installed a Strela cargo crane.[26] | First EVA conducted from the Pirs docking compartment. |
| 15 October 09:17 |
5 hours 51 minutes |
15:08 | Expedition 3 ISS Pirs |
👁 Russia Vladimir Dezhurov 👁 Russia Mikhail Tyurin |
Installed Russian commercial experiments (MPAC-SEEDS) onto the exterior of the Pirs docking compartment.[26] | |
| 12 November 21:41 |
5 hours 5 minutes |
13 November 02:46 |
Expedition 3 ISS Pirs |
👁 Russia Vladimir Dezhurov 👁 United States Frank L. Culbertson |
Connected cables on the exterior of Pirs for the Kurs automated docking system, completed checks of the Strela cargo crane, and inspected and photographed a panel of a solar array on Zvezda that had a portion of a panel not fully unfolded.[26] | |
| 3 December 13:20 |
2 hours 46 minutes |
16:06 | Expedition 3 ISS Pirs |
👁 Russia Vladimir Dezhurov 👁 Russia Mikhail Tyurin |
Removed an obstruction that prevented a Progress resupply ship from firmly docking with the station, and took pictures of the debris and of the docking interface.[26] | |
| 10 December 17:52 |
4 hours 12 minutes |
22:04 | STS-108 ISS Endeavour |
👁 United States Linda M. Godwin 👁 United States Daniel M. Tani |
Installed insulating blankets around two Beta Gimbal Assemblies that rotate the station's solar array wings, and performed get-ahead tasks in preparation for STS-110's spacewalks.[27][28][29] |
Orbital launch statistics
[edit]By country
[edit]For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport.
| Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 👁 Image China |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 👁 Image France |
8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | |
| 👁 Image India |
2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 👁 Image Japan |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 👁 Image Russia |
19 | 19 | 0 | 0 | |
| 👁 Image Ukraine |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
| 👁 Image United States |
22 | 21 | 1 | 0 | |
| World | 59 | 56 | 2 | 1 | |
By rocket
[edit]By family
[edit]| Family | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ariane | 👁 Image Europe |
8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | |
| Athena | 👁 Image United States |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
| Atlas | 👁 Image United States |
4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
| Delta | 👁 Image United States |
7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
| GSLV | 👁 Image India |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Maiden flight |
| H-II | 👁 Image Japan |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Long March | 👁 Image China |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Minotaur | 👁 Image United States |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| PSLV | 👁 Image India |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| R-7 | 👁 Image Russia |
11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | |
| R-14 | 👁 Image Russia |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| R-36 | 👁 Image Ukraine |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| RT-2PM | 👁 Image Russia |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Space Shuttle | 👁 Image United States |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
| Titan | 👁 Image United States |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Universal Rocket | 👁 Image Russia |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
| Zenit | 👁 Image Ukraine |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
By type
[edit]| Rocket | Country | Family | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ariane 4 | 👁 Image Europe |
Ariane | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
| Ariane 5 | 👁 Image Europe |
Ariane | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Athena I | 👁 Image United States |
Athena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
| Atlas II | 👁 Image United States |
Atlas | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
| Delta II | 👁 Image United States |
Delta | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
| GLSV | 👁 Image India |
GSLV | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Maiden flight |
| H-IIA | 👁 Image Japan |
H-II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
| Kosmos | 👁 Image Russia |
R-14 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Long March 2 | 👁 Image China |
Long March | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Molniya | 👁 Image Russia |
R-7 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| PSLV | 👁 Image India |
PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Proton | 👁 Image Russia |
UR | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
| Soyuz | 👁 Image Russia |
R-7 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
| Space Shuttle | 👁 Image United States |
Space Shuttle | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
| Start | 👁 Image Russia |
RT-2PM | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Taurus | 👁 Image United States |
Minotaur | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Titan IV | 👁 Image United States |
Titan | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Tsyklon | 👁 Image Ukraine |
R-36 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Zenit | 👁 Image Ukraine |
Zenit | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
By configuration
[edit]By spaceport
[edit]5
10
15
20
25
30
China
France
India
International waters
Japan
Kazakhstan
Russia
United States
| Site | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baikonur | 👁 Image Kazakhstan |
16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | |
| Cape Canaveral | 👁 Image United States |
10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | |
| Jiuquan | 👁 Image China |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Kennedy | 👁 Image United States |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
| Kodiak | 👁 Image United States |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | First orbital launch |
| Kourou | 👁 Image France |
8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | |
| Ocean Odyssey | 👁 United Nations International waters |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Plesetsk | 👁 Image Russia |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
| Satish Dhawan | 👁 Image India |
2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Svobodny | 👁 Image Russia |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Tanegashima | 👁 Image Japan |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vandenberg | 👁 Image United States |
5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | |
| Total | 59 | 56 | 2 | 1 | ||
By orbit
[edit]5
10
15
20
25
30
- Low Earth
- Low Earth (Mir)
- Low Earth (ISS)
- Low Earth (SSO)
- Medium Earth
- Molniya
- Geosynchronous
- Heliocentric
| Orbital regime | Launches | Achieved | Not achieved | Accidentally achieved |
Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Earth / Sun-synchronous | 29 | 28 | 1 | 0 | Including flights to ISS and Mir |
| Geosynchronous /GTO | 22 | 21 | 1 | 0 | GSLV launch failure left satellite in useless transfer orbit |
| Medium Earth / Molniya | 5 | 5 | 0 | 1 | Ariane 5 partial failure left payloads in a useless medium earth orbit. One satellite was able to correct itself to the intended geostationary transfer orbit. |
| Heliocentric orbit / Planetary transfer | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | 59 | 57 | 2 | 1 |
References
[edit]- Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
- Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
- Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
- Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
- Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
- McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
- Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
- Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
- Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
- Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
- "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
- "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
- "Rocket Launch Manifest". Next Spaceflight.
- "Space Launch Plans". Novosti Kosmonavtiki.
- "Space Satellite Tracking". N2YO.
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ "Mir Destroyed in Fiery Descent". CNN. 22 March 2001. Archived from the original on 21 November 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (6 October 2010). "WMAP finishes nine-year probe of infant universe". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
- ^ "MOLNIYA 3-51". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ "CORONAS F". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ Gebhardt, Chris (25 July 2021). "Farewell, Pirs; ISS module decommissioned, destructively reentered". NASASpaceFlight. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ^ "QUICKBIRD 2". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ Podvig, Pavel (20 March 2004). "Reentry of the Cosmos-2383 naval reconnaissance satellite". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ Chern, Jeng-Shing; Wu, Bill; Chen, Yen-Sen; Wu, An-Ming (2012). "Suborbital and low-thermospheric experiments using sounding rockets in Taiwan". Acta Astronautica. 70: 159–164. Bibcode:2012AcAau..70..159C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.07.030. ISSN 0094-5765.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-98 Day 4 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Boeing/NASA/United Space Alliance (2001). "Three Space Walks Will Add Sophisticated Laboratory". Shuttle Press Kits. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-98 Day 6 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-98 Day 8 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-102 Day 4 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-102 Day 6 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-100 Day 4 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-100 Day 6 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "ISS Status Report #01-18 Friday, June 9, 2001 – Expedition Two Crew". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ a b Jim Banke (2001). "First spacewalk concludes". Space.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Boeing/NASA/United Space Alliance (2001). "STS-104 Spacewalks: Installing a Spacewalking Portal". Shuttle Press Kits. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ a b c NASA (2001). "STS-104 Extravehicular Activities". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-104". NASA. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Todd Halvorson (2001). "Quest Airlock Makes Orbital Debut as Astronauts Wrap Up Station Construction Work". Space.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Jim Banke (2001). "Historic milestone at Alpha". Space.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ a b NASA (2001). "STS-105 Extravehicular Activities". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ a b NASA/Boeing/United Space Alliance (2001). "Two Spacewalks to Lay Groundwork for Future ISS Construction". Shuttle Press Kit. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ a b c d NASA (2001). "Expedition Three Spacewalks". NASA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-108 Extravehicular Activities". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 February 2002. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ NASA (2001). "STS-108, Mission Control Center Status Report #11". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Jim Banke (2001). "STS-108 Mission Update Archive". Space.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.