Class 11 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 2 Relations - Exercise 2.2

Chapter 2 of RD Sharma's Class 11 Mathematics textbook focuses on "Relations". This chapter is crucial for understanding how different sets are interconnected and lays the foundation for more complex topics like functions, mappings, and equivalence relations. The concepts learned in this chapter are widely used in the various branches of mathematics including algebra, calculus, and computer science.

Relations

A relation between the two sets is a collection of ordered pairs containing one object from each set. It defines a relationship between the elements of these sets establishing how one element is connected to the other. The Relations can be represented using various forms such as sets, matrices, or graphs, and they are fundamental in understanding the structure of the mathematical concepts.

Question 1: Given A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5, 6}, find (A × B) ∩ (B × C).

Solution:

Given:

A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4} and C = {4, 5, 6}

Let us find: (A × B) ∩ (B × C)

(A × B) = {1, 2, 3} × {3, 4}

= {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}

(B × C) = {3, 4} × {4, 5, 6}

= {(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)}

Therefore,

(A × B) ∩ (B × C) = {(3, 4)}

Question 2: If A = {2, 3}, B = {4, 5}, C = {5, 6} find A × (B ∪ C), (A × B) ∪ (A × C).

Solution:

Given: 

A = {2, 3}, B = {4, 5} and C = {5, 6}

Let us find: A x (B ∪ C) and (A x B) ∪ (A x C)

(B ∪ C) = {4, 5, 6}

A × (B ∪ C) = {2, 3} × {4, 5, 6}

= {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

(A × B) = {2, 3} × {4, 5}

= {(2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5)}

(A × C) = {2, 3} × {5, 6}

= {(2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

Therefore,

(A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

A × (B ∪ C) = {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

Question 3: If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4}, C = {5}, then verify that:

(i) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

(ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

(iii) A × (B – C) = (A × B) – (A × C)

Solution:

Given:

A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4} and C = {5}

(i) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

Let's assume LHS: (B ∪ C)

(B ∪ C) = {4, 5}

A × (B ∪ C) = {1, 2, 3} × {4, 5}

= {(1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5)}

Now, RHS

(A × B) = {1, 2, 3} × {4}

= {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

(A × C) = {1, 2, 3} × {5}

= {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}

(A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}

Therefore,

LHS = RHS

(ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

Let's assume LHS: (B ∩ C)

(B ∩ C) = ∅ (No common element)

A × (B ∩ C) = {1, 2, 3} × ∅

= ∅

Now, RHS

(A × B) = {1, 2, 3} × {4}

= {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

(A × C) = {1, 2, 3} × {5}

= {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}

(A × B) ∩ (A × C) = ∅

Therefore,

LHS = RHS

(iii) A × (B − C) = (A × B) − (A × C)

Let's assume LHS: (B − C)

(B − C) = ∅

A × (B − C) = {1, 2, 3} × ∅

= ∅

Now, RHS

(A × B) = {1, 2, 3} × {4}

= {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

(A × C) = {1, 2, 3} × {5}

= {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}

(A × B) − (A × C) = ∅

Therefore,

LHS = RHS

Question 4: Let A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7, 8}. Verify that:

(i) A × C ⊂ B × D

(ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

Solution:

Given:

A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7, 8}

(i) A x C ⊂ B x D

Let us consider LHS A x C

A × C = {1, 2} × {5, 6}

= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}

Now, RHS

B × D = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {5, 6, 7, 8}

= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (3, 8), (4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8)}

Since, all elements of A × C is in B × D.

Therefore,

We can say A × C ⊂ B × D

(ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

Let's assume LHS A × (B ∩ C)

(B ∩ C) = ∅

A × (B ∩ C) = {1, 2} × ∅

= ∅

Now, RHS

(A × B) = {1, 2} × {1, 2, 3, 4}

= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

(A × C) = {1, 2} × {5, 6}

= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}

Hence, there is no common element between A × B and A × C

(A × B) ∩ (A × C) = ∅

Therefore,

A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

Question 5: If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4} and C = {4, 5, 6}, find

(i) A × (B ∩ C)

(ii) (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

(iii) A × (B ∪ C)

(iv) (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

Solution:

Given:

A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4} and C = {4, 5, 6}

(i) A × (B ∩ C)

(B ∩ C) = {4}

A × (B ∩ C) = {1, 2, 3} × {4}

= {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

(ii) (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

(A × B) = {1, 2, 3} × {3, 4}

= {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}

(A × C) = {1, 2, 3} × {4, 5, 6}

= {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

(A × B) ∩ (A × C) = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

(iii) A × (B ∪ C)

(B ∪ C) = {3, 4, 5, 6}

A × (B ∪ C) = {1, 2, 3} × {3, 4, 5, 6}

= {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

(iv) (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

(A × B) = {1, 2, 3} × {3, 4}

= {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}

(A × C) = {1, 2, 3} × {4, 5, 6}

= {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

(A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

Question 6: Prove that:

(i) (A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) = (A × C) ∪ (B × C)

(ii) (A ∩ B) × C = (A × C) ∩ (B × C)

Solution:

(i) (A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) = (A × C) ∪ (B × C)

Let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of (A ∪ B) × C

(x, y) ∈ (A ∪ B) C

Since, (x, y) are elements of Cartesian product of (A ∪ B) × C

x ∈ (A ∪ B) and y ∈ C

(x ∈ A or x ∈ B) and y ∈ C

(x ∈ A and y ∈ C) or (x ∈ Band y ∈ C)

(x, y) ∈ A × C or (x, y) ∈ B × C

(x, y) ∈ (A × C) ∪ (B × C) … (1)

Let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of (A × C) ∪ (B × C).

(x, y) ∈ (A × C) ∪ (B × C)

(x, y) ∈ (A × C) or (x, y) ∈ (B × C)

(x ∈ A and y ∈ C) or (x ∈ B and y ∈ C)

(x ∈ A or x ∈ B) and y ∈ C

x ∈ (A ∪ B) and y ∈ C

(x, y) ∈ (A ∪ B) × C … (2)

From 1 and 2, we get: (A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) ∪ (B × C)

(ii) (A ∩ B) × C = (A × C) ∩ (B × C)

Let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of (A ∩ B) × C.

(x, y) ∈ (A ∩ B) × C

Since, (x, y) are elements of Cartesian product of (A ∩ B) × C

x ∈ (A ∩ B) and y ∈ C

(x ∈ A and x ∈ B) and y ∈ C

(x ∈ A and y ∈ C) and (x ∈ Band y ∈ C)

(x, y) ∈ A × C and (x, y) ∈ B × C

(x, y) ∈ (A × C) ∩ (B × C) … (1)

Let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of (A × C) ∩ (B × C).

(x, y) ∈ (A × C) ∩ (B × C)

(x, y) ∈ (A × C) and (x, y) ∈ (B × C)

(x ∈A and y ∈ C) and (x ∈ Band y ∈ C)

(x ∈A and x ∈ B) and y ∈ C

x ∈ (A ∩ B) and y ∈ C

(x, y) ∈ (A ∩ B) × C … (2)

From 1 and 2, we get: (A ∩ B) × C = (A × C) ∩ (B × C)

Question 7: If A × B ⊆ C × D and A ∩ B ∈ ∅, Prove that A ⊆ C and B ⊆ D.

Solution:

Given:

A × B ⊆ C x D and A ∩ B ∈ ∅

A × B ⊆ C x D denotes A × B is subset of C × D that is every element A × B is in C × D.

And A ∩ B ∈ ∅ denotes A and B does not have any common element between them.

A × B = {(a, b): a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

Therefore,

We can say (a, b) ⊆ C × D [Since, A × B ⊆ C x D is given]

a ∈ C and b ∈ D

a ∈ A = a ∈ C

A ⊆ C

And

b ∈ B = b ∈ D

B ⊆ D

Hence proved.

Read More:

• Relation and Function
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Here is a summary, 10 practice questions, and FAQs for Class 11 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 2 Relations - Exercise 2.2:

Summary

This exercise covers the properties of relations, including reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. Students will learn to show that a relation is reflexive, symmetric, or transitive, and to identify the properties of a given relation.