Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 15 Mean Value Theorems - Exercise 15.2

Question 1 (i). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each case find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = x² - 1 on [2, 3]

Solution:

Given that 

f(x) = x² - 1

Since the given f(x) = x² - 1 is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [2, 3] and differentiable in (2, 3)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (2, 3) such that, 

2c = (8 - 3)

c = 5/2 ∈ (2, 3)

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (ii). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following on the indicated interval. In each case find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = x³ - 2x² - x + 3 on [0, 1].

Solution:

Given that 

f(x) = x³ - 2x² - x + 3

Since the given f(x) = x³ - 2x² - x + 3 is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable in (0, 1)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (0, 1) such that, 

3c² - 4ac - 1 = 1 - 3

3c² - 4c + 1 = 0

3c² - 3c - c + 1 = 0

3c(c - 1) - 1(c - 1) = 0

(3c - 1)(c - 1) = 0

c = 1/3 ∈ (0, 1)

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (iii). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each case find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = x(x - 1) on [1, 2].

Solution:

Given that 

f(x) = x(x - 1) ⇒ x² - x

Since the given f(x) = x² - x is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [1, 2] and differentiable in (1, 2)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (1, 2) such that, 

2c = 3

c = 3/2 ∈ (1, 2)

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (iv). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicates interval. In each case find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = x² - 3x + 2 on [-1, 2].

Solution:

Given that 

f(x) = x² - 3x + 2 

Since the given f(x) = x² - 3x + 2 is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [-1, 2] and differentiable in (-1, 2)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (-1, 2) such that, 

2c - 3 = -2

2c = 1

c = 1/2 ∈ (-1, 2)

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (v). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each case find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = 2x² - 3x + 1 on [1, 3].

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = 2x² - 3x + 1 

Since the given f(x) = 2x² - 3x + 1 is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [1, 3] and differentiable in (1, 3)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (1, 3) such that, 

4c - 3 = 5

4c = 5 + 3

4c = 8

c = 2 ∈ (1, 3)

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (vi). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each case find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = x² - 2x + 4 on [1, 5]. 

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = x² - 2x + 4 

Since the given f(x) = x² - 2x + 4 is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [1, 5] and differentiable in (1, 5)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (1, 5) such that, 

2c - 2 = 16/4

2c - 2 = 4

2c = 6

c = 3 ∈ (1, 5)

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (vii). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = 2x - x² on [0, 1].

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = 2x - x²

Since the given f(x) = 2x - x² is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable in (0, 1)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (0, 1) such that, 

2 - 2c = 1

1 = 2c

c = 1/2 ∈ (0, 1)

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (viii). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = (x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3) on [0, 4].

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = (x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3)

Since the given f(x) = (x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3) is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [0, 4] and differentiable in (0, 4)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (0, 4) such that, 

(c - 1)(c - 2) + (c - 2)(c - 3) + (c - 1)(c - 3)

c² - 3c + 2 + c² + 5c + 6 + c² - 4c + 3 

3c² - 12c + 11 = 3

3c² = 12c + 8 = 0

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (ix). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) on [-3, 4].

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) 

The given f(x) is exists, if 

25 - x² ≥ 0

x² ≤ 25

x ≤ ±5

-5 < x < 5

So, f(x) has unique value ∀ x ∈(-5. 5), so the given f(x) is continuous on [-3, 4].

Now, differentiate f(x) = (25 - x²)^1/2 with respect to x, we get

f'(x) = 1/2(25 - x²)^1/2-1d(25 - x²)/dx

So, f'(x) exists∀ x ∈ (-3, 4), hence, f(x) is differential on (-3, 4).

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (-3, 4) such that, 

On squaring both sides, we get

49c² = 25 - c²

c² = 1/2 

c = ±1/√2 

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (x). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = tan^-1x on [0, 1].

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = tan^-1x

Here, the given f(x) is is continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable on (0, 1)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (0, 1) such that, 

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (xi). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = x + 1/x on [1, 3].

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = x + 1/x ⇒ (x² + 1)/x

Here, the given f(x) is continuous on [1, 3] and differentiable on (1, 3)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (1, 3) such that, 

c² = 3

c = √3 ∈ (1, 3)

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (xii). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = x (x + 4)² on [1, 3].

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = x (x + 4)²

Since the given f(x) = x (x + 4)² is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [1, 3] and differentiable in (1, 3)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (1, 3) such that, 

3c² + 16c + 16 = 64

3c² + 16c - 48 = 0

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (xiii) Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = xon [2, 4].

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = x

The given f(x) is exists, if 

x² - 4≥ 0

x² ≤ 4

x ≤ ±2

-2 < x < 2

So, f(x) has unique value ∀ x ∈(-2. 2), so the given f(x) is continuous on [2, 4].

Now, differentiate f(x) = (x² - 4)^1/2 with respect to x, we get

f'(x) = 1/2(x² - 4)^1/2-1d(x² - 4)/dx

So, f'(x) exists∀ x ∈ (2, 4), hence, f(x) is differential on (2, 4).

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (2, 4) such that, 

On squaring both sides, we get

⇒

⇒4c² = 12c² - 48

⇒8c² = 48

⇒c² = 6

⇒c = √6 ∈ (2, 4)

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (xiv). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = x² + x - 1 on [0, 4].

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = x² + x - 1

Since the given f(x) = x² + x - 1 is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [0, 4] and differentiable in (0, 4)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (0, 4) such that, 

2c + 1 = 20/4

2c + 1 = 5

c = 2 ∈ (0, 4)

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (xv) Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = sin x - sin2x - x on [0, π].

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = sin x - sin2x - x

Since the given f(x) = sin x - sin2x - x is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [0, π] and differentiable in (0, π)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (0, π) such that, 

⇒cos c - 2cos2c = -1 + 1

⇒cos - 2(2cos²c - 1) = 0

⇒4cos2c - cosc - 2 = 0

⇒

⇒

⇒

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 1 (xvi). Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following function on the indicated interval. In each find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(x) = x³ - 5x² - 3x on [1, 3]

Solution:

Given that, 

 f(x) = x³ - 5x² - 3x

Since the given f(x) = x³ - 5x² - 3x is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [1, 3] and differentiable in (1, 3)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (1, 3) such that, 

Now, f'(c) = 3c² - 10c- 3, f(1) = -7, f(3) = -27

3c² - 10c - 3 = 

3c² - 10c - 3 = -10

3c² - 10c + 7 = 0

3c² - 3c - 7c + 7 = 0

c = 7/3, where c = 7/3 ∈ (1, 3) 

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 2. Discuss the applicable of Lagrange's mean value theorem for the function f(x) = |x| on [-1, 1].

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = |x| 

Now, we check differentiability at x = 0

LHD = 

RHD = 

LHD ≠ RHD

Here, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 ∈ (-1, 1)

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is not applicable for the given f(x) = \x\.

Question 3. Show that the lagrange's mean value theorem is not applicable to the function f(x) = 1/x on [-1, 1].

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = 1/x

On differentiating with respect to x, we get

So, we conclude that f'(x) does not exist at x = 0 ∈ (-1, 1)

So, f(x) is also not differentiable in (-1, 1)

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is not applicable for the given f(x) = 1/x.

Question 4. Verify the hypothesis and conclusion of Lagrange's mean value theorem for the function f(x) , 1 ≤ x ≤ 4.

Solution:

Given that, 

 f(x) 

Here, the given f(x) has a unique value for each x ∈ [1, 4], so f(x) is continuous in [1, 4].

Now differentiate f(x) with respect to x, we get

So, here f'(x) exits for all x ∈ (1, 4), hence, f(x) is differentiable on (1, 4)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (1, 4) such that,

(4c - 1)² = 45

4c - 1 = ±3√5

Hence, the Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.

Question 5. Find a point on the parabola y = (x - 4)², where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (4, 0) and (5, 1).

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = y = (x - 4)²⇒ x² - 8x + 16  

Also it is given that the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (4, 0) and (5, 1)

So, let us considered the chord joining the points are (4, 5)

Since the given f(x) = x² - 8x + 16 is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [4, 5] and differentiable in (4, 5)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (4, 5) such that, 

2c - 8 = 1

2c = 9

c = 9/2

So, 

f(c) = (c - 4)²

f(c) = (9/2 - 4)²

f(c) = 1/4

Hence, (c, f(c)) = (9/2, 1/4) is the given point.

Question 6. Find a point on the curve y = x² + x, where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (0, 0) and (1, 2).

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = y = x² + x

Also it is given that the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (0, 0) and (1, 2)

So, let us considered the chord joining the points are (0, 1)

Since the given f(x) = x² + x is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable in (0, 1)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (0, 1) such that, 

2c + 1 = 2

c = 1/2 

So, 

f(c) = c² + c

f(c) = (1/2)² + 1/2

f(c) = 3/4

Hence, (c, f(c)) = (1/2, 3/4) is the given point.

Question 7. Find a point on the probably y = (x - 3)², where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (3, 0) and (4, 1). 

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = y = (x - 3)² = x² - 6x + 9

Also it is given that the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (3, 0) and (4, 1)

So, let us considered the chord joining the points are (3, 4)

Since the given f(x) = x² - 6x + 9 is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [3, 4] and differentiable in (3, 4)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (3, 4) such that, 

2c = 7

c = 7/2

So, 

f(c) = (c - 3)²

f(c) = (7/2 - 3)²

f(c) = 1/4

Hence, (c, f(c)) = (7/2, 1/4) is the given point.

Question 8. Find the points on the curve y = x³ - 3x, which the tangent to the curve is parallel to the chord joining (1, -2) and (2, 2).

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = y = x³ - 3x

Also it is given that the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (1, -2) and (2, 2)

So, let us considered the chord joining the points are (1, 2)

Since the given f(x) = x³ - 3x is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [1, 2] and differentiable in (1, 2)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (1, 2) such that, 

So, 

f(c) = (⁾³ - 3

f(c) = 

Hence, (c, f(c)) = () is the given point.

Question 9. Find a point on the curve y = x³ + 1 where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (1, 2) and (3, 28).

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = y = x³ + 1

Also it is given that the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (1, 2) and (3, 28)

So, let us considered the chord joining the points are (1, 3)

Since the given f(x) = x³ + 1 is a polynomial function. 

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [1, 3] and differentiable in (1, 3)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (1, 3) such that, 

So, 

f(c) = c³ + 1

f(c) = ()³ + 1

Hence, (c, f(c)) = (, ()³ + 1) is the given point.

Question 10. Let c be a curve defined parametrically as x = a cos³θ, y = a sin³θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2. Determine a point P on C, where the tangent to C is parallel to the chord joining the points (a, 0) and (0, a).

Solution:

Let us considered point P be (x, y)

So, given that,

x = a cos³θ  ....(1)

y = a sin³θ ....(2)

Now we find the slope of tangent 

  ....(3)

So, differentiate eq(1), w.r.t. θ, we get,

dx/dθ = -3acos²θsinθ

Now, differentiate eq(2), w.r.t. θ, we get,

dx/dθ = 3a sin²θcosθ

Now put all these values in eq(3), we get

dy/dx =  -3acos²θsinθ/3a sin²θcosθ = -tanθ

Now the two given points are (a, 0) and (0, a).

So, the slope of the given chord , m = a - 0/0 - a = -1

According to the question it is given that point C is parallel to the chord

So, slope of tangent = slope of the chord

-tanθ = -1

θ = π/4

Now put the value of θ in eq(1) and (2), we get the values of point P

x = a cos³(π/4) = a/2√2

y = a sin³(π/4) = a/2√2

So, the point P(a/2√2, a/2√2)

Question 11. Using Lagrange's mean value theorem, prove that (b - a)sec²a < tanb - tana < (b - a)sec²b where 0 < a < b < π/2.

Solution:

Given that, 

f(x) = tan x, x ∈ [a, b] such that 0 < a < b < π/2}

So, the given f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b)

Hence, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.

So, there exist a point c ∈ (a, b) such that, 

....(i)

So, c ∈ (a, b)

sec²a < 

Now, using eq(i), we get

(b - a)sec²a < (tan b - tan a) < (b - a)sec²b

Summary

Exercise 15.2 of Chapter 15 (Mean Value Theorems) in RD Sharma's Class 12 mathematics textbook focuses on applying Rolle's Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem. It includes problems that require students to verify the conditions for these theorems, find specific points where they apply, and use them to prove various inequalities and identities. The exercise helps students deepen their understanding of these fundamental calculus concepts and their applications in solving complex mathematical problems.

Practice Questions

1). Verify the conditions of Rolle's Theorem for the function f(x) = x^3 - 3x + 2 on the interval [-1, 2].

2). Find the point(s) where Rolle's Theorem applies for the function f(x) = sin(x) on the interval [0, π].

3). Use the Mean Value Theorem to prove that if f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), then there exists a point c in (a, b) such that f'(c) = (f(b) - f(a)) / (b - a).

4). Prove that if f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), and f'(x) ≥ 0 for all x in (a, b), then f(x) is an increasing function on [a, b].

5). Let f(x) = x^2 on the interval [0, 2]. Find the value of c given by the Mean Value Theorem.

6). Verify the conditions of Rolle's Theorem for the function f(x) = x^4 - 4x^2 + 3 on the interval [-2, 2].

7). Use the Mean Value Theorem to prove the inequality |f(b) - f(a)| ≤ M|b - a|, where M is the maximum value of |f'(x)| on the interval [a, b].

8). Find the points where Rolle's Theorem applies for the function f(x) = x^3 - 6x^2 + 9x - 4 on the interval [-1, 3].

9). Prove that if f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), and f'(x) = 0 for all x in (a, b), then f(x) is a constant function on [a, b].

10). Use the Mean Value Theorem to find the value of the constant k such that the function f(x) = kx^2 + 3x + 1 satisfies f(2) - f(1) = f(3) - f(2).