Terrain features

This page lists terrain features that are created as part of the world generation.

The surface in the Overworld is generated using 3D Perlin noise, which creates pseudo-random variation. More variation is created by three noise paramters: continentalness, erosion, and peaks and valleys. These are also tied to biome placement.

Some features created by this algorithm include:

Hills in the game can vary from gradual slopes to steep cliffs. They can occur anywhere in the world, including oceans, flatland, or mountains. Hills in an ocean biome can reach high enough to create islands. Similarly, terrain variation can also cause holes and pits, sometimes forming lakes. On an amplified world, hills in most biomes are often extended and form extreme cliffs.

Higher erosion values often result in more "windswept" hills with steep cliffs and generally lower altitudes. At lower erosion, hills are smooth or almost flat, but the terrain can reach much higher elevation.

• 👁 Hilly terrain in the windswept gravelly hills biome
  
  Hilly terrain in the windswept gravelly hills biome
• 👁 Smoother hills in the plains biome
  
  Smoother hills in the plains biome
• 👁 Flatland with some hills in snowy plains
  
  Flatland with some hills in snowy plains
• 👁 Underwater, hills and cliffs may also occur
  
  Underwater, hills and cliffs may also occur

When the erosion value reaches lower values, peaks and valleys start to contribute more to the terrain variation. The general altitude depends on the continentalness.

Mountains are high elevation terrain that have jagged peaks and higher land. Mountainous terrain often includes valleys, slopes, cliffs, and peaks. Sometimes, mountains reach the terrain generation limit of Y=256, where they are cut off and form flat plateaus combined with rugged terrain.

In contrast to windswept hills, however, mountains and valleys are smoothly shaped with rolling hills. Plateaus occur at slightly higher erosion or lower continentalness, which are similar to mountains but flattened at around Y=130. More inland, both mountains, valleys, and plateaus can stretch over huge areas with much higher elevation. At the border of different terrain types, steep slopes or cliffs form.

Common terrain features created by peaks and valleys (weirdness) are mountain rings. Mountain peaks or plateaus can enclose lower valleys, although they are sometimes incomplete. When the weirdness reaches very high or low values, these valleys can reach extreme depths and form craters, sometimes reaching the bottom bedrock layers. When this occurs, stone walls more than a hundred blocks tall are formed to separate the water from the lava above the bedrock.

The peaks and valleys noise usually creates rivers between mountains or plateaus. Depending on the continentalness, these vary in width and depth. High-erosion terrain like swamps can also be affected, but oceans and mushroom fields are not.

• 👁 A typical jagged peaks mountain ring
  
  A typical jagged peaks mountain ring
• 👁 The rare occurrence of a massive "crater lake" reaching the bedrock
  
  The rare occurrence of a massive "crater lake" reaching the bedrock
• 👁 Mountains reaching the terain generation limit, along with smooth valleys
  
  Mountains reaching the terain generation limit, along with smooth valleys
• 👁 A savanna plateau
  
  A savanna plateau
• 👁 Many rivers in hilly terrain
  
  Many rivers in hilly terrain

Oceanic cliffs are steep vertical slopes that can sometimes generate when mountainous terrain borders an ocean. Oceans near cliffs are often deep and sometimes very small. The cliffs expose many caves, while the surface terrain ends abruptly.

• 👁 A frozen cliff
  
  A frozen cliff
• 👁 A long taiga cliff
  
  A long taiga cliff
• 👁 A cliff shaped like a crater
  
  A cliff shaped like a crater
• 👁 An island made of cliffs
  
  An island made of cliffs
• 👁 Oceanic cliffs in front of each other
  
  Oceanic cliffs in front of each other

Fjords happen when rivers cut through high-medium elevation terrain. Rivers are deeper here than usual.

• 👁 A badlands fjord.
  
• 👁 Image
  
• 👁 Image
  

Floating islands are structures that float in mid-air. Floating islands are normally just small chunks of floating dirt and stone found near cliffs, but on rare occasions they can be large structures that even have springs and trees on them. Floating islands are most frequently found in or near windswept hills biomes and their variants, as well as windswept savannas.

Floating islands and overhangs are common when the erosion is high, but not at its maximum. This results in windswept terrain often surrounding swamps, with flatland terrain nearby.

• 👁 A small floating island.
  
  A small floating island.
• 👁 It is rarer to see large floating islands, especially those with natural features such as trees.
  
  It is rarer to see large floating islands, especially those with natural features such as trees.
• 👁 A floating island in a forest biome with a few trees growing on it.
  
  A floating island in a forest biome with a few trees growing on it.
• 👁 A tree on a snowy floating island.
  
  A tree on a snowy floating island.
• 👁 The windswept savanna is notable for its massive overhangs and floating islands
  
  The windswept savanna is notable for its massive overhangs and floating islands

Air on altitude Y=62 and lower is replaced by water. This occurs mostly in river and ocean biomes – areas in the terrain generation with low continentalness or peaks and valleys – and can form massive, deep water bodies. The sea level can also create lakes in land biomes, or fill deep craters.

Below Y=-55, all air is replaced by lava, forming a similar "lava level". This mostly applies to caves, as the terrain rarely reaches such depths.

• 👁 The ocean is the largest example of the sea level.
  
  The ocean is the largest example of the sea level.
• 👁 A river, connected to some flooded land biomes
  
  A river, connected to some flooded land biomes
• 👁 Lakes are common in the windswept savanna biome
  
  Lakes are common in the windswept savanna biome
• 👁 The underground lava sea
  
  The underground lava sea

Based on the depth value calculated by the terrain generation, water exposure, the biome, and the dimension, the world is "filled" with several blocks in layers. The top layer is always defined, and the following layers are determined by a surface depth noise, roughly 5 blocks deep.

All blocks that make up the terrain are placed depending on the dimension and altitude. In the Overworld, this is as follows:

• 👁 Image
  Bedrock: In Java Edition, one full layer at Y=-64, followed by a randomized gradient that places bedrock up to layer Y=-59. In Bedrock Edition, two full layers at Y=-64 and -63, followed by a noise that randomly places bedrock up to Y=-60, meaning that they cannot generate "floating", and the pattern is always the same regardless of world seed. The bedrock layers cannot be overridden by other terrain features.
• 👁 Image
  Deepslate generates up to Y=0. Above, a gradient randomly places decreasing amounts of deepslate up to layer Y=8.
• 👁 Image
  Stone generates anywhere else as terrain block.

• 👁 The terrain before any surface block placement
  
  The terrain before any surface block placement
• 👁 Stone transitioning into deepslate
  
  Stone transitioning into deepslate
• 👁 A mineshaft exposing the bedrock layers
  
  A mineshaft exposing the bedrock layers

The uppermost layers of the terrain are converted to a biome-dependent material. The first layer is usually grass blocks, the following few layers are dirt. In shallow water, the first and following layers are always dirt, allowing disks to generate. In deeper water, the first layer is gravel and the following layers are stone. A few biomes override this.

• 👁 BiomeSprite desert.png: Sprite image for desert in Minecraft
  In deserts, beaches, and warm oceans,‌^{[JE only]} the first few layers are sand. A secondary surface depth generates sandstone, reaching deeper in deserts. Except warm oceans,‌^{[JE only]} this is not applied in deep water.

• 👁 BiomeSprite lukewarm-ocean.png: Sprite image for lukewarm-ocean in Minecraft
  In lukewarm oceans and warm oceans,‌^{[BE only]} only the first layer in deep water is sand.

• 👁 BiomeSprite ice-spikes.png: Sprite image for ice-spikes in Minecraft
  In ice spikes, the first layer above water is snow blocks.

• 👁 BiomeSprite mushroom-fields.png: Sprite image for mushroom-fields in Minecraft
  In mushroom fields, the first layer above water is mycelium.

• 👁 BiomeSprite dripstone-caves.png: Sprite image for dripstone-caves in Minecraft
  In dripstone caves, the first layer above water is stone.

• 👁 BiomeSprite mangrove-swamp.png: Sprite image for mangrove-swamp in Minecraft
  In mangrove swamps, the first few layers excluding deep water are mud.
• 👁 BiomeSprite jagged-peaks.png: Sprite image for jagged-peaks in Minecraft
  In jagged peaks, the first layer above water is snow blocks and the following layers are stone.^[a][b]

• 👁 BiomeSprite frozen-ocean.png: Sprite image for frozen-ocean in Minecraft
  In Bedrock Edition, in sulfur caves as well as frozen oceans and jagged peaks, below any water, the first few layers are stone.

When gravel or sand generates floating, it gets replaced by stone and sandstone, respectively. The surface layers do not apply to caves, meaning these blocks can still generate floating, and other blocks can be exposed.

• 👁 In most biomes, grass blocks cover the land with dirt below and in shallow water, and gravel in deep water
  
  In most biomes, grass blocks cover the land with dirt below and in shallow water, and gravel in deep water
• 👁 The surface in deserts is covered by sand and some sandstone can be exposed on cliffs.
  
  The surface in deserts is covered by sand and some sandstone can be exposed on cliffs.
• 👁 Underwater in a warm ocean, showing one layer of sand
  
  Underwater in a warm ocean, showing one layer of sand
• 👁 Ice spikes have snow blocks instead of grass.
  
  Ice spikes have snow blocks instead of grass.
• 👁 Mushroom fields have mycelium instead of grass
  
  Mushroom fields have mycelium instead of grass
• 👁 The dripstone caves biome replaces grass with stone.
  
  The dripstone caves biome replaces grass with stone.
• 👁 Mangrove swamps have mud both on the floor layers and in shallow water
  
  Mangrove swamps have mud both on the floor layers and in shallow water

The following biomes have special surface layers, also known as strips. This is created by 2D noise, making blocks appear in varying patches, blobs, and strips.

• 👁 BiomeSprite wooded-badlands.png: Sprite image for wooded-badlands in Minecraft
  In wooded badlands, above roughly layer 97, coarse dirt and grass blocks alternate as top layer above water.
• 👁 BiomeSprite dappled-forest.png: Sprite image for dappled-forest in Minecraft
  In dappled forests, coarse dirt and grass blocks alternate as top layer above water.​^{[upcoming: Third Drop 2026]}
• 👁 BiomeSprite old-growth-spruce-taiga.png: Sprite image for old-growth-spruce-taiga in Minecraft
  In old growth taigas, coarse dirt, podzol, and grass blocks alternate as top layer above water.
• 👁 BiomeSprite stony-peaks.png: Sprite image for stony-peaks in Minecraft
  In stony peaks, calcite and stone alternate as the first few layers, not applied in deep water. This forms long strips across the entire biome.
• 👁 BiomeSprite stony-shore.png: Sprite image for stony-shore in Minecraft
  In stony shores, gravel and stone alternate similarly, forming strips. Floating gravel is replaced by stone.
• 👁 BiomeSprite snowy-slopes.png: Sprite image for snowy-slopes in Minecraft
  In groves and snowy slopes,^[b] powder snow and snow blocks alternate as the first layer, forming patches of powder snow.^[a]
  • In the first layers below, powder snow alternates with dirt in groves or the mountain slopes noise in snowy slopes. This results in powder snow patches reaching depth, while snow blocks only cover the surface.
• 👁 BiomeSprite frozen-peaks.png: Sprite image for frozen-peaks in Minecraft
  In frozen peaks, ice replaces the top few layers in very small blobs. Packed ice generates in larger strips between snow blocks, both in the top few layers.^[a][b]
• 👁 BiomeSprite windswept-hills.png: Sprite image for windswept-hills in Minecraft
  In windswept hills, as well as frozen oceans in Bedrock Edition, stone replaces most dirt and grass in the first few layers, making the latter generate in patches.
• 👁 BiomeSprite windswept-savanna.png: Sprite image for windswept-savanna in Minecraft
  Similarly, in windswept savannas, stone generates in strips in the first few layers. The top grass layer is replaced by coarse dirt in some patches.
• 👁 BiomeSprite windswept-gravelly-hills.png: Sprite image for windswept-gravelly-hills in Minecraft
  Windswept gravelly hills use a similar noise to windswept hills but with some gravel alternating in the first few layers. In Bedrock Edition, the noise is different and most of the biome is covered in gravel, with a few one-block strips of grass blocks (or dirt in shallow water).

• 👁 A strip of calcite in a stony peaks biome
  
  A strip of calcite in a stony peaks biome
• 👁 A strip of gravel in a stony shore biome
  
  A strip of gravel in a stony shore biome
• 👁 Grass strips in gravelly mountains+ in Bedrock Edition
  
  Grass strips in gravelly mountains+ in Bedrock Edition
• 👁 Packed ice strips and ice blobs in frozen peaks
  
  Packed ice strips and ice blobs in frozen peaks
• 👁 Stone, coarse dirt, and grass in the windswept savnna
  
  Stone, coarse dirt, and grass in the windswept savnna
• 👁 Coarse dirt, podzol, and grass in an old growth pine taiga
  
  Coarse dirt, podzol, and grass in an old growth pine taiga
• 👁 Coarse dirt and grass in wooded badlands plateaus, generating only at higher altitudes
  
  Coarse dirt and grass in wooded badlands plateaus, generating only at higher altitudes
• 👁 Coarse dirt and grass in a dappled forest
  
  Coarse dirt and grass in a dappled forest
• 👁 A powder snow patch
  
  A powder snow patch
• 👁 Stone and grass in windswept hills
  
  Stone and grass in windswept hills

The jagged peaks, frozen peaks, and snowy slopes biomes all use a mechanism to determine steep slopes. North and east cliffs replace other blocks in the first few layers with stone, or packed ice in frozen peaks, where only a thin snow layer will generate on top.

• 👁 South slopes (facing) expose more stone than west slopes (right).
  
  South slopes (facing) expose more stone than west slopes (right).
• 👁 A similar effect happens with frozen peaks, but with packed ice instead.
  
  A similar effect happens with frozen peaks, but with packed ice instead.

All badlands biomes have more complex surface algorithms.

• Deep water generates as usual in Java Edition with one gravel layer above stone, or entirely stone in Bedrock Edition.
• Shallow water replaces the top layer with white terracotta in Java Edition only.
• The following above-ground terrain is covered with one red sand layer followed by some orange terracotta layers.
  • Floating red sand is replaced by red sandstone.‌^{[JE only]}
• Above roughly Y=74, the top-most layer is replaced by terracotta alternating using noise with hoodoo terracotta. The first layers below are always hoodoo terracotta.
• Above Y=256, orange terracotta replaces hoodoo terracotta, visible only in amplified worlds.

"Hoodoo terracotta" is generated as follows. Each world seed generates 192 layers of random stained terracotta colors (red, orange, yellow, brown, white, and light gray), corresponding to the Y-coordinates above Y=63. At each horizontal coordinate, each layer may shift up and down by at most 7 blocks based on noise, creating unique variation.

• 👁 Lower parts of a badlands biome generate with red sand, terracotta, and stone underwater.
  
  Lower parts of a badlands biome generate with red sand, terracotta, and stone underwater.
• 👁 Hoodoo terracotta at a badlands plateau
  
  Hoodoo terracotta at a badlands plateau
• 👁 When viewed from the side, terracotta colors are often organized in layers
  
  When viewed from the side, terracotta colors are often organized in layers

In swamps and mangrove swamps, a noise creates variation near the sea level. At layer Y=63, the surface materials are sometimes replaced by water, which can extend slightly deeper in mangrove swamps. This creates some undeep marshland in the terrain that already alters between shallow water and flat land a lot.

• 👁 A wider area of swamp marshland
  
  A wider area of swamp marshland
• 👁 In a mangrove swamp, the marshland creates shallow lakes everywhere.
  
  In a mangrove swamp, the marshland creates shallow lakes everywhere.

When the surface depth is less than or equal to 0, the top layer is stripped away, exposing the layers below all surface blocks, ususally stone. In badlands, they are made of orange terracotta. Erosions in frozen oceans occur at the freeze layer and replace it with air, followed by ice or water below.

Commonly, minerals can be found in these, generally coal ore and iron ore. Due to a bug, they do not generate in Java Edition.

• 👁 A naturally generated erosion
  
  A naturally generated erosion
• 👁 A desert erosion
  
  A desert erosion
• 👁 A taiga erosion
  
  A taiga erosion
• 👁 A snow-covered tundra erosion
  
  A snow-covered tundra erosion

Hoodoos are tall spike-like structures found in badlands at the red sand level. While this structure is found exclusively in eroded badlands, all badlands biomes actually have this structure, but set to false except for eroded badlands. Hoodoos are entirely made up of hoodoo terracotta, making it occur at much lower altitudes, although they can reach more than 100 blocks tall.

• 👁 Hoodoos in the eroded badlands
  
  Hoodoos in the eroded badlands
• 👁 Many hoodoos in a single biome world
  
  Many hoodoos in a single biome world
• 👁 Hoodoo render
  
  Hoodoo render

An iceberg is a large terrain feature composed of packed ice and snow blocks.

Large icebergs generate in frozen oceans and deep frozen oceans. They consist of packed ice, and can be topped with snow blocks. Icebergs generate in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from small islands to giant mountain-like icebergs. They can also generate with cave-like holes (these might be related to the carved recesses in cone icebergs)​^{[more information needed]} in them, which sometimes pass through to the other side of the iceberg.

There are often blue ice features attached to them.

• 👁 A group of naturally generated icebergs
  
  A group of naturally generated icebergs
• 👁 An aerial view of a frozen ocean with icebergs
  
  An aerial view of a frozen ocean with icebergs
• 👁 An iceberg viewed from below
  
  An iceberg viewed from below
• 👁 A cave inside an iceberg
  
  A cave inside an iceberg

Noise caves are generated using a noise. They come in the form of cheese caves, spaghetti caves, and noodle caves. By adjusting noise frequency, hollowness (for cheese caves), and thickness (for spaghetti caves, noodle caves, and noise pillars), noise caves can vary in extremely diverse ways. When generating noise caves, the game firstly generates a random noise field, and "smudges" it using a mathematical trick called Perlin noise. These processes then result in a 3D noise image.

Unique features of noise caves are aquifers. Bodies or water or lava may form at different altitudes, separated from other bodies by thin walls or ceilings.

Larger noise caves may feature noise pillars, formations of rock connecting the ceiling with the floor based on noise, which can have varying sizes.

Some noise caves may also reach the surface, exposing stones or creating floating islands.

• 👁 A cheese cave with some aquifers
  
  A cheese cave with some aquifers
• 👁 Noodle cave
  
  Noodle cave
• 👁 Spaghetti cave
  
  Spaghetti cave
• 👁 Some aquifers
  
  Some aquifers
• 👁 Pillars in a noise cave
  
  Pillars in a noise cave

Carver caves are narrow, winding tunnels similar to noise caves, but with a clear end and a central starting room. They can generate at any altitude and connect to the surface, other caves, or structures. Sometimes, carver caves are filled with water or lava.

Canyons are similar to carver caves, but shaped like a tall ravine and relatively shorter. Canyons may generate entirely underground, underwater, or exposed to the surface, and they can have different sections similar to aquifers. The walls of a canyon are steep cliffs with some edges and natural variation. They can also reach the lava level.

• 👁 Carver caves
  
  Carver caves
• 👁 A canyon from the inside
  
  A canyon from the inside
• 👁 A canyon exposed to the surface
  
  A canyon exposed to the surface

Unlike ore features, ore veins are terrain features that carve through the world and place several blocks. There are two types: veins with copper ore, granite as filler material, and occasional raw copper blocks, forming in the stone layer, and veins with deepslate iron ore, tuff as filler, and some raw iron blocks, forming in the deepslate layer. Ore veins are massive branching networks, sometimes exposed in a cave, but they cannot replace air or water.

• 👁 An iron vein in a cave
  
  An iron vein in a cave
• 👁 Exposed copper vein
  
  Exposed copper vein

Terrain in the Nether is generated similarly to the Overworld with 3D Perlin noise. Instead of surface-oriented parameters, the game has two pairs for the solid terrain at the ceiling and ground, and the hollow space in between. This results in cave-like terrain where most air is found in the middle between the ceiling and the ground.

Floating islands, cliffs, and overhangs are very common. Some holes may

Similar to the water sea level in the Overworld, a lava sea forms below Y=31 in the Nether, which happens quite often. They can stretch for hundreds of blocks in any direction, and are usually bordered by netherrack, or occasionally soul sand, gravel, and magma blocks. Striders can spawn in lava seas.

Unlike with Overworld oceans, lava seas are not handled as a biome. In Bedrock Edition, the lava sea is biome-dependent and can also be generated in the Overworld, replacing the water sea.

• 👁 The lava sea
  
  The lava sea
• 👁 A few ghasts swimming in a lava sea
  
  A few ghasts swimming in a lava sea
• 👁 Under the lava sea in Spectator mode
  
  Under the lava sea in Spectator mode

Based on the depth value calculated by the terrain generation, the biome, and the dimension, the world is "filled" with several blocks in layers.

All blocks that make up the terrain are placed depending on the dimension and altitude. In the Nether, this is as follows:

• 👁 Image
  Bedrock: In Java Edition, one full layer at Y=0, followed by a randomized gradient that places bedrock up to layer Y=5. In Bedrock Edition, two full layers at Y=0 and 1, followed by a noise that randomly places bedrock up to Y=4 meaning that they cannot generate "floating", and the pattern is always the same regardless of world seed. The bedrock layers cannot be overridden by other terrain features.
• 👁 Image
  Bedrock: Another layer of bedrock generates similarly at the Nether roof. This is one full layer at Y=127, followed by a gradient,‌^{[JE only]} or noise‌^{[BE only]} that places blocks down to Y=122/‌^{[JE only]}123.‌^{[BE only]}
• 👁 Image
  Netherrack generates anywhere else as terrain block.

In the Nether, erosions generate the same size and shape as they do in the Overworld. Unlike their Overworld counterparts, however, Nether erosions replace the ground with netherrack instead of stone. Nether erosions can also expose ores, mainly Nether quartz ore and Nether gold ore.

Notably, erosions generate independent of the y-coordinate; if an erosion generates in an overhang in the Nether, an identical erosion is guaranteed to generate at the exact same x and z coordinates on the ground below such an overhang.

• 👁 An erosion in a crimson forest, exposing Nether quartz ore blob.
  
  An erosion in a crimson forest, exposing Nether quartz ore blob.
• 👁 An erosion in a Nether wastes.
  
  An erosion in a Nether wastes.

Carver caves and canyons generate similarly in the Nether as how they do in the Overworld. Below Y=31, they are filled with lava in Java Edition. In Bedrock Edition, they are filled with air and some biome features, and are separated from the lava sea by walls. They can often expose bedrock, but not at the ceiling.

• 👁 Nether carver caves
  
  Nether carver caves
• 👁 A Nether canyon
  
  A Nether canyon
• 👁 A carver cave connecting to the bedrock in Bedrock Edition
  
  A carver cave connecting to the bedrock in Bedrock Edition

The center of the End is a large, asteroid-like island composed entirely of End stone, floating in the void. It features the exit portal in the center, surrounded by 10 End spikes in a circle. The island is home to the ender dragon, and serves as the arena where it is fought.

At a distance of 1000 blocks away, an endless expanse of additional islands begins, away from the main island. These consist of large islands, about the size of the main island, and smaller ones, which are usually thin and small.

• 👁 Central island with many endermen.
  
  Central island with many endermen.

The outer End islands are found 1000 blocks away from the central island, also made entirely of End stone. They vary in size from large islands to smaller "mini islands". Generated structures such as End cities and End ships spawn here, along with chorus trees and erosions. The player can be taken to the End islands through the End gateway.

• 👁 Outer islands with chorus trees.
  
  Outer islands with chorus trees.

Erosions generate in the End as they would in the Overworld and the Nether, but they never expose any ores. End erosions may generate on both the central island and outer islands, and chorus trees can occasionally take root in the erosions.

• 👁 An erosion generated on an outer End island.
  
  An erosion generated on an outer End island.

Issues relating to "Terrain features" are maintained on the bug tracker. Issues should be reported and viewed there.